Table 1.

The advantages and limitations of hMSCs for the treatment of ischemic tissues.

Advantages	Limitations
hMSCs may repair injured vessels and ischemic tissues through their unique immunomodulation properties and paracrine mechanisms [13].	It is difficult to obtain sufficient numbers of healthy autologous hMSCs from elderly patients or patients with severe diseases [101].
hMSCs can be isolated from various locations within the human body and easily expanded in vitro [102].	The successful rate of differentiation of transplanted hMSCs into fully functional cardiomyocytes or neurons in a recipient remains elusive [103].
hMSCs provide a less invasive treatment procedure with low risk of adverse effects compared to surgical and pharmacological approaches [104].	hMSCs have a limited replicative lifespan [107].
hMSCs are relatively well characterized, and its clinical use can avoid the ethical concerns related to embryonic stem cells [105, 106].