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. 2018 Oct 8;2018:1650456. doi: 10.1155/2018/1650456

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Copyright © 2018 Jing Zhou et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Intermittent hypoxia polarizes macrophages to an M1 phenotype, which was mediated by RAGE. (a) Morphology of THP-1 macrophage cultured in normoxia or IH. F-actin cytoskeleton of the cells were labelled with phalloidin (red) and nuclei stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar: 20 μm. (b) mRNA expression levels of M1 expression markers. (c) mRNA expression levels of M2 expression markers. ∗ represents significant difference compared with control group under normoxia condition; ∗p<.05, ^##p<.001, ∗∗∗/^###p<.001.