Table 3.
Natural products with antispasmodic activity isolated from terrestrial plants.
| Compound name | Species (Family) | Preparation (Solvent) | Model tested | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monoterpenoids | |||||
| 1 Myrcene, β-myrcene | Plectranthus barbatus (Lamiaceae) | Leaf (MeOH) | ACh, BaCl2, KCl in guinea pig ileum | EO | [17] |
| 2 Citral B, β-citral, Neral | Aloysia triphylla (Verbenaceae) | Leaf (Hexane) | Carbachol, KCl, O, PGF (2α) in rat uterus | IC | [18] |
| Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) | Leaf (MeOH 70%) | ACh, KCl in rabbit ileum | IC | [19] | |
| Melissa officinalis (Lamiaceae) | Aerial part (EtOH 70%) | ACh, KCl in rat ileum | EO | [20] | |
| 3 Geranyl formate | Anthemis mauritiana (Compositae) | Flower (Distillation) | Ca2+, carbachol, KCl in rabbit and rat jejunum | EO | [21] |
| 4 Geranyl acetate | Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae) | Leaf (Aqueous) | Carbachol, KCl in guinea pig trachea and rabbit jejunum | EO | [22] |
| 5 Geraniol | Rosa damascene (Rosaceae) | Flower (hydrodistillation) | ACh, KCl, electrical field stimulation in rat ileum | IC | [23] |
| 6 Citronellol | Rosa damascene (Rosaceae) | Flower (hydrodistillation) | ACh, KCl, electrical field stimulation in rat ileum | IC | [23] |
| 7 (±)-α-Phellandrene | Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) | Rhizome (MeOH) | Serotonin in rat ileum | EO | [24] |
| 8 (±)-β-Phellandrene | Croton sonderianus (Euphorbiaceae) | Leaf (Distillation) | ACh, KCl in rat tracheal smooth muscle | EO | [25] |
| 9 Terpinolene | Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) | Rhizome (MeOH) | Serotonin in rat ileum | EO | [24] |
| 10 D-(+)-Limonene | Zingiber roseum (Zingiberaceae) | Fresh seeds (Hydrodistilled with diethyl ether) | Carbachol, KCl in rat duodenal smooth muscle | EO | [26] |
| Mentha x villosa (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [27] | |
| Dracocephalum kotschyi (Lamiaceae) | Aerial part (Hydrodistillation) | ACh, electrical field stimulation, KCl in rat ileum | EO | [28] | |
| 11 γ-Terpinene | Acalypha phleoides (Euphorbiaceae) | Aerial part infusion MeOH-CHCl3 (1:1) | ACh, BaCl2, H, S in guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum | IC | [29] |
| 12 Thymoquinone | Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) | Seed infusion (Aqueous) | BaCl2, carbachol, leukotriene in rat trachea | IC | [30] |
| 13 (R)-(+)-Pulegone | Calamintha glandulosa (Lamiaceae) | Aerial parts infusion (Diethyl ether) | KCl in rat ileum | IC | [31] |
| Mentha x villosa (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [27] | |
| 14 (-)-Menthol | Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) | Leaf and flower infusion (EtOH) | S in rat ileum | IC | [32] |
| 15 dl-α-Terpineol | Casimiroa pringlei (Rutaceae) | Aerial part infusion (Ethylic ether) | KCl in rat uterine smooth muscle | IC | [33] |
| Zingiber roseum (Zingiberaceae) | Fresh seeds (Hydrodistilled with diethyl ether) | Carbachol, KCl in rat duodenal smooth muscle | EO | [26] | |
| Dracocephalum kotschyi (Lamiaceae) | Aerial part (Hydrodistillation) | ACh, electrical field stimulation, KCl in rat ileum | EO | [28] | |
| 16 (-)-Piperitone | Casimiroa pringlei (Rutaceae) | Aerial part infusion (Ethylic ether) | KCl in rat uterine smooth muscle | IC | [33] |
| 17 (+)-Rotundifolone | Mentha x villosa (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [27] |
| 18 (R)-(-)-Carvone | Mentha x villosa (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [27] |
| 19 (R,R,R)-Carvone-1,2-oxide) | Mentha x villosa (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [27] |
| 20 (S)-(+)-Carvone | Mentha x villosa (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [27] |
| 21 1,8-Cineole | Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [34] |
| Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Aqueous) | Carbachol, KCl in guinea pig trachea and rabbit jejunum | EO | [22] | |
| Casimiroa pringlei (Rutaceae) | Aerial part infusion (Ethylic ether) | KCl in rat uterine smooth muscle | IC | [33] | |
| 22 p-Cymene | Lippia graveolens (Verbenaceae) | Leaf infusion (Distillation) | Carbachol, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [35] |
| Zingiber roseum (Zingiberaceae) | Fresh seeds (Hydrodistilled with diethyl ether) | Carbachol, KCl in rat duodenal smooth muscle | EO | [26] | |
| Poliomintha longiflora (Lamiaceae) | Leaves stem infusion (Distillation) | Carbachol, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [35] | |
| 23 Carvacrol | Origanum acutidens (Lamiaceae) | Leaf, stem and flower infusion (MeOH) | Spontaneous contraction in rat ileum | EO | [36] |
| Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae) | Whole plants (Ethanol) | ACh, BaCl2, KCl in rat trachea and ileum | IC | [37] | |
| 24 Thymol | Acalypha phleoides (Euphorbiaceae) | Aerial part infusion [MeOH-CHCl3 (1:1)] | ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl, S in guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum | IC | [29] |
| Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae) | Whole plants (Ethanol) | ACh, BaCl2, KCl in rat trachea and ileum | IC | [37] | |
| 25 Thujane or Sabinane | Anthemis mauritiana (Asteraceae) | Flower infusion (Aqueous) | Carbachol, KCl in rabbit jejunal smooth muscle | EO | [21] |
| 26 (±)-Camphor | Acalypha phleoides (Euphorbiaceae) | Aerial part infusion [MeOH-CHCl3 (1:1)] | ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl, S in guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum | IC | [29] |
| Lippia dulcis (Verbenaceae) | Leaf infusion (Steam distillation) | Carbachol, H in porcine bronchi | EO | [38] | |
| 27 (+)-α-Pinene | Anthemis mauritiana (Asteraceae) | Flower infusion (Aqueous) | Carbachol, KCl in rabbit jejunal smooth muscle | EO | [21] |
| Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Aqueous) | Carbachol, KCl in guinea pig trachea and rabbit jejunum | EO | [22] | |
| Plectranthus barbatus (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum | EO | [17] | |
| 28 (-)-α-Pinene | Dissotis rotundifolia (Melastomataceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOH) | Carbachol in mouse intestinal motility | E | [39] |
| Eucalyptus tereticornis (Myrtaceae) | Commercial | ACh, KCl in rat trachea | EO | [40] | |
| Zingiber roseum (Zingiberaceae) | Fresh seeds (Hydrodistilled with diethyl ether) | Carbachol, KCl in rat duodenal smooth muscle | EO | [26] | |
| 29 (+)-β-Pinene | Ferula gummosa (Apiaceae) | Resin infusion (Hydroalcoholic, ether, MeOH) | ACh, KCl in rat ileum | IC | [41] |
| Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) | Rhizome infusion (MeOH) | S in rat ileum | EO | [24] | |
| Zingiber roseum (Zingiberaceae) | Fresh seeds (Hydrodistilled with diethyl ether) | Carbachol, KCl in rat duodenal smooth muscle | EO | [26] | |
| 30 Cantleyine | Strychnos trinervis (Loganiaceae) | Root bark (EtOAc) | Carbachol, H, KCl in guinea pig trachea | IC | [42] |
| 31 Penstemonoside | Parentucellia latifolia (Scrophulariaceae) | Whole plant infusion (Butanol) | ACh, CaCl2, KCl in rat uterus | IC | [43] |
| 32 Aucubine or aucuboside | Parentucellia latifolia (Scrophulariaceae) | Whole plant infusion (Butanol) | ACh, CaCl2, KCl in rat uterus | IC | [43] |
| 33 2′-O-Acetyldihydropenstemide | Viburnum prunifolium (Caprifoliaceae) | Root and stem bark infusion (MeOH) | Carbachol in rabbit jejunum and guinea pig trachea | E | [44] |
| 34 2′-O-trans-p-Coumaroyl-dihydropenstemide | Viburnum prunifolium (Caprifoliaceae) | Root and stem bark infusion (MeOH) | Carbachol in rabbit jejunum and guinea pig trachea | E | [44] |
| 35 2′-O-Acetylpatrinoside | Viburnum prunifolium (Caprifoliaceae) | Root and stem bark infusion (MeOH) | Carbachol in rabbit jejunum and guinea pig trachea | E | [44] |
| 36 Patrinoside | Viburnum prunifolium (Caprifoliaceae) | Root and stem bark infusion (MeOH) | Carbachol in rabbit jejunum and guinea pig trachea | E | [44] |
| 37 Valtriate or Valepotriate | Valeriana procera (Valerianeaceae) | Root infusion (EtOH) | BaCl2, carbachol, KCl in guinea pig ileum and stomach | IC | [45] |
| 38 Isovaltrate or Isovaltratum | Valeriana procera (Valerianeaceae) | Root infusion (EtOH) | BaCl2, carbachol, KCl in guinea pig ileum and stomach | IC | [45] |
| 39 Epoxygaertneroside | Morinda morindoides (Rubiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Aqueous) | ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [46] |
| 40 Gaertneroside | Morinda morindoides (Rubiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Aqueous) | ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [46] |
| 41 Catalpinoside or Catapol | Parentucellia latifolia (Scrophulariaceae) | Whole plant infusion (Butanol) | ACh, CaCl2, KCl in rat uterus | IC | [43] |
|
| |||||
| Sesquiterpenes | |||||
| 43 (±)-Hernandulcin | Lippia dulcis (Verbenaceae) | Leaf infusion (Steam distillation) | Carbachol, H in porcine bronchi | EO | [38] |
| 43 Humulene or α-Caryophyllene | Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Aqueous) | Carbachol, KCl, in guinea pig trachea and rabbit jejunum | EO | [22] |
| 44 β-Caryophyllene epoxide | Conyza filaginoides (Asteraceae) | Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)] | Spontaneous contraction in rat ileum | IC | [47] |
| Croton sonderianus (Euphorbiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Steam distillation) | ACh, KCl in rat tracheal smooth muscle | EO | [25] | |
| 45 β-Caryophyllene | Croton sonderianus (Euphorbiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Steam distillation) | ACh, KCl in rat tracheal smooth muscle | EO | [25] |
| Conyza filaginoides (Asteraceae) | Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)] | Spontaneous contraction in rat ileum | IC | [47] | |
| Plectranthus barbatus (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum | EO | [17] | |
| Pterodon polygalaeflorus (Fabaceae) | Seed (Steam distillation) | ACh, KCl in rat ileum smooth muscle | IC | [48] | |
| 46 Bicyclogermacrene or Lepidozene | Croton sonderianus (Euphorbiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Steam distillation) | ACh, KCl in rat tracheal smooth muscle | EO | [25] |
| 47 (+)-Capsidiol | Nicotiana silvestri (Solanaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOAc) | ACh, BaCl2, bradykinin, carbachol in guinea pig ileum and trachea | IC | [49] |
| 48 S-Petasin | Petasites formosanus (Compositae) | Aerial parts (EtOH) | CaCl2, carbachol, H, KCl in guinea pig trachea | IC | [50] |
| 49 (+)-Isopetasin | Petasites formosanus (Compositae) | Aerial parts (EtOH) | CaCl2, carbachol, H, KCl in guinea pig trachea | IC | [50] |
| 50 Valeranone o Jatamansone | Valeriana procera (Valerianeaceae) | Root infusion (EtOH) | BaCl2, carbachol, KCl in guinea pig ileum and stomach | IC | [45] |
| 51 Chamazulene | Matricaria recutita (Asteraceae) | Plant infusion (Aqueous) | Human platelet | E | [51] |
| 52 Spathulenol | Croton sonderianus (Euphorbiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Steam distillation) | ACh, KCl in rat tracheal smooth muscle | EO | [25] |
| Lepechinia caulescens (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Hexane) | KCl in rat uterus | IC | [52] | |
| 53 Cynaropicrin | Cynara scolymus (Asteraceae) | Leaf and flower infusion (MeOH 70%) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [53] |
| 54 Cedrenol | Anthemis mauritiana (Asteraceae) | Flower infusion (Aqueous) | Carbachol, KCl in rabbit jejunal smooth muscle | EO | [21] |
| 55 (+)-Bakkenolide A | Hertia cheirifolia (Asteraceae) | Aerial parts (MeOH) | ACh, BaCl2 in rat duodenum | IC | [54] |
| 56 Himachalol | Cedrus deodara (Pinaceae) | Wood infusion | ACh, BaCl2, H, nicotine, S in guinea pig ileum and seminal vesicle, rabbit jejunum and rat uterus | IC | [55] |
| 57 (E)-Damascenone | Ipomoea pes-caprae (Convolvulaceae) | Leaf infusion (Aqueous) | H in guinea pig ileal smooth muscle | IC | [56] |
| 58 (-)-Isogermacrene D | Artemisia vulgaris (Compositae) | Stem and leaf infusion (Aqueous) | guinea pig ileum | [57] | |
| 59 Ezoalantonin | Artemisia vulgaris (Compositae) | Leaf (CHCl3) | H, PMA, S in guinea pig ileum and trachea | IC | [57] |
| 60 Costunolide | Radix aucklandiae (Asteraceae) | Rhizome (MeOH) | ACh, KCl, S in rat jejunum | IC | [58] |
| 61 Dehydrocostuslactone | Radix aucklandiae (Asteraceae) | Rhizome (MeOH) | ACh, KCl, S in rat jejunum | IC | [58] |
|
| |||||
| Diterpenes | |||||
| 62 E-Phytol | Ipomoea pes-caprae (Convolvulaceae) | Leaf infusion (Aqueous) | H in guinea pig ileal smooth muscle | IC | [56] |
| 63 3α-Angeloyloxy-2α-hydroxy-13,14Z-dehydrocativic acid | Brickellia paniculata (Compositae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | KCl in rat myometrial tissue | IC | [59] |
| 64 15-Epicyllenin A | Marrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum (Lamiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (MeOH) | ACh in mouse ileum | IC | [60] |
| 65 Cyllenin A | Marrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum (Lamiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (MeOH) | ACh in mouse ileum | IC | [60] |
| 66 Marrulibacetal | Marrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum (Lamiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (MeOH) | ACh in mouse ileum | IC | [60] |
| 67 (13R)-9α,13α-epoxylabda-6β(19),16(15)-diol dilactone | Marrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum (Lamiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (MeOH) | ACh in mouse ileum | IC | [60] |
| 68 Marrubin | Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae) | Aerial parts (Aqueous) | KCl in rat aorta | IC | [61] |
| 69 Marrubenol or Marrubiol | Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae) | Aerial parts (Aqueous) | KCl in rat aorta | IC | [61] |
| 70 Marrulanic acid | Marrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum (Lamiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (MeOH) | ACh in mouse ileum | IC | [60] |
| 71 Marrulactone | Marrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum (Lamiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (MeOH) | ACh in mouse ileum | IC | [60] |
| 72 (+)-Dehydroabietic acid | Lepechinia caulescens (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Hexane) | KCl in rat uterus | IC | [52] |
| 73 9β-Hydroxydehydroabietyl alcohol | Lepechinia caulescens (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Hexane) | KCl in rat uterus | IC | [52] |
| 74 9α,13α-Epidioxyabiet-8(14)-en-18-oic acid methyl ester | Lepechinia caulescens (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (Hexane) | KCl in rat uterus | IC | [52] |
| 75 4-epi-Hyalic acid | Croton argyrophylloides (Euphorbiaceae) | Bark infusion (MeOH) | ACh, KCl in rat tracheal smooth muscle | IC | [62] |
| 76 Pimaradienoic acid or Continentalic acid | Viguiera arenaria (Asteraceae) | Root infusion (CH2Cl2) | ACh, KCl in rat carotid artery | IC | [63] |
| 77 8(14),15-Sandaracopimaradiene-7α,18-diol | Tetradenia riparia (Lamiaceae) | Leaf infusion (CHCl3) | BaCl2, H, methacholine in guinea pig ileum | IC | [64] |
| 78 3,4-Secoisopimara-4(18),7,15-triene-3-oic acid | Salvia cinnabarina (Lamiaceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH) | ACh, BaCl2, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [65] |
| 79 ent-Kaurenoic acid | Viguiera arenaria (Asteraceae) | Root infusion (CH2Cl2) | ACh, KCl in rat carotid artery | IC | [63] |
| Viguiera hypargyrea (Asteraceae) | Root infusion (Hexane) | Spontaneous contraction in guinea pig ileum | IC | [66] | |
| 80 Beyerenic acid or Monogynoic acid | Viguiera hypargyrea (Asteraceae) | Root infusion (Hexane) | Spontaneous contraction in guinea pig ileum | IC | [66] |
| 81 ent-7α-Acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid | Xylopia langsdorfiana (Annonaceae) | Stem infusion (EtOH 95%) | BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [67] |
| 82 ent-7α -hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid | Xylopia langsdorfiana (Annonaceae) | Stem infusion (EtOH 95%) | BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [67] |
| 83 Phorbol 12-acetate-13-tiglate | Crotonis tiglium (Euphorbiaceae) | Fruit (MeOH) | Spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunum | E | [68] |
| 84 3,7,10,14,15-pentaacetyl-5-butanoyl-13,17-epoxy-8-myrsinene | Pycnocycla spinosa (Umbelliferae) | Aerial parts (MeOH) | KCl in rat illeum | IC | [69] |
|
| |||||
| Triterpenoids | |||||
| 85 Agapanthagenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | Allium elburzense (Alliaceae) | Flower and bulb infusion (Hexane) | H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [70] |
| 86 Agapanthagenin | Allium elburzense (Alliaceae) | Flower and bulb infusion (Hexane) | H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [70] |
| 87 β-sitosterol | Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOAc) | KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunum | IC | [71] |
| 88 β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOAc) | KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunum | IC | [71] |
| 89 α-Spinasteryl β-D-glucoside | Conyza filaginoides (Asteraceae) | Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)] | Spontaneous contraction in rat ileum | IC | [47] |
| 90 Tropeoside B1 and B2 | Allium cepa(Alliaceae) | Bulbs [CHCl3:MeOH (9:1)] | ACh, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [72] |
| 91 Tropeoside A1 and A2 | Allium cepa(Alliaceae) | Bulbs [CHCl3:MeOH (9:1)] | ACh, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [72] |
| 92 Elburzensoside A1 and A2 | Allium elburzense (Alliaceae) | Flower and bulb infusion (Hexane) | H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [70] |
| 93 Elburzensoside C1 and C2 | Allium elburzense (Alliaceae) | Flower and bulb infusion (Hexane) | H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [70] |
| 94 Galphimin A | Galphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | Electrical-induced contraction in guinea pig ileum | IC | [73] |
| 95 Galphimin B | Galphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | Electrical-induced contraction in guinea pig ileum | IC | [73] |
| 96 Galphimin C | Galphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | Electrical-induced contraction in guinea pig ileum | IC | [73] |
| 97 Galphimin E | Galphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | Electrical-induced contraction in guinea pig ileum | IC | [73] |
| 98 Galphimin F | Galphimia glauca (Malpighiaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | Electrical-induced contraction in guinea pig ileum | IC | [73] |
| 99 Handianol | Herissanthia tiubae (Malvaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOH) | Carbachol, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum and trachea, and rat aorta | IC | [74] |
| 100 Cycloartanol | Herissanthia tiubae (Malvaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOH) | Carbachol, H, KCl in guinea-pig ileum, trachea and rat aorta | IC | [74] |
| 101 Taraxasteryl acetate | Brickellia veronicifolia (Asteraceae) | Aerial parts [CH2Cl2:MeOH (1:1)] | Gastrointestinal motility test in mouse | E | [75] |
| 102 Pomolic acid or Benthamic acid or Randialic acid A | Licania pittieri (Rosaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOH) | Carbachol, KCl in rat aorta | IC | [76] |
| 103 Ursolic acid | Agastache mexicana (Lamiaceae) | Aerial part (MeOH) | ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [77] |
| 104 Ehretiolide | Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOAc) | KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunum | IC | [78] |
| 105 Ehretiolide acetate | Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOAc) | KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunum | IC | [78] |
| 106 Camaldulin | Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOAc) | KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunum | IC | [71] |
| 107 Zygophyloside N | Zygophyllum gaetulum (Zygophyllaceae) | Root infusion (MeOH) | Electrically-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum | E | [79] |
| 108 Erythrodiol | Conyza filaginoides (Asteraceae) | Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)] | Spontaneous contraction in rat ileum | IC | [47] |
| 109 3-β-tridecanoyloxy-28-hydroxyolean-12-ene | Conyza filaginoides (Asteraceae) | Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)] | Spontaneous contraction in rat ileum | IC | [47] |
| 110 3-β-Hydroxyolean-9(11),12-dien-28-oic acid | Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOAc) | KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunum | IC | [78] |
| 111 4-epi-Hederagenin | Hedera helix (Araliaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOH) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [80] |
| 112 Hederacoside C | Hedera helix (Araliaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOH) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [80] |
| 113 Betulinic acid | Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) | Leaf infusion (EtOAc) | KCl, spontaneous contraction in rabbit jejunum | IC | [78] |
| 114 α-Amyrin acetate | Tylophora hirsuta (Asclepiadaceae) | Aerial parts (MeOH) | KCl in rabbit jejunum | IC | [81] |
|
| |||||
| Phloroglucinol derivatives | |||||
| 115 Hyperforin | Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 70%) | KCl in rabbit jejunum | IC | [82] |
| 116 Hypericin | Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 70%) | KCl in rabbit jejunum | IC | [82] |
|
| |||||
| Coumarins | |||||
| 117 Scopoletin | Brunfelsia hopeana (Solanaceae) | Root infusion (EtOH) | Phenylephrine, KCl, PGF2, serotonin in rat aorta | IC | [83] |
| 118 Todannone | Toddalia asiatica var. floribunda (Rutaceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 95%) | ACh, BaCl2, H, nicotine in guinea pig ileum | IC | [84] |
| 119 (2S∗,3R∗)-2-[(3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dien-1-yl]-2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-2,3-dimethylfuro[3,2c] coumarin | Ferula heuffelii (Apiaceae) | Underground part (CHCl3) | ACh, KCl in rat ileum | IC | [85] |
| 120 Osthole | Prangos ferulacea (Apiaceae) | Root (Acetone) | ACh, KCl, electric field stimulation in rat ileum | IC | [86] |
| 121 Angelicin | Heracleum thomsoni (Apiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (EtOH) | ACh, BaCl2, H, S in cat ureter, guinea pig bile duct and trachea, monkey gall bladder, rabbit jejunum, and rat uterus | IC | [87] |
| 122 Glycycoumarin | Glycyrrhizae radix (Leguminosae) | Root infusion (Aqueous) | A23187, BaCl2, carbachol, KCl in mouse jejunum | IC | [88] |
| Glycyrrhiza ularensis (Leguminosae) | Root infusion (Aqueous) | Carbachol in mouse jejunum | E | [89] | |
|
| |||||
| Chalcones | |||||
| 123 Davidigenin | Mascarenhasia arborescens (Apocynaceae) | Leaf and stem infusion (MeOH) | ACh, H in guinea pig and rat duodenum | IC | [90] |
| 124 Isoliquiritigenin | Glycyrrhiza glabra (Leguminosae) | Root infusion (Aqueous) | ACh, KCl, O, spontaneous contraction in rat uterus | IC | [91] |
| Glycyrrhiza ularensis (Leguminosae) | Root infusion (Aqueous) (Aqueous) | BaCl2, carbachol, KCl in mouse jejunum,ileum and rectum | IC | [92] | |
| 125 Licochalcone A | Glycyrrhiza inflata (Leguminosae) | Root infusion (Aqueous) | A23187, BaCl2, carbachol, KCl in mouse jejunum | IC | [93] |
|
| |||||
| Flavonoids | |||||
| 126 (-)-Pinostrobin | Conyza filaginoides (Asteraceae) | Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)] | Spontaneous contraction in rat ileum | IC | [47] |
| 127 (-)-(S)-Sakuranetin | Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) | Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)] | ACh, BaCl2, H in rat uterus | IC | [94] |
| 128 (±)-Sternbin | Artemisia monosperma (Compositae) | Aerial part (EtOH) | ACh, O in rat ileum, pulmonary artery, urinary bladder, trachea, and uterus | IC | [95] |
| 129 Ouratea catechin | Maytenus rigida (Celastraceae) | Stem bark (EtOH) | BaCl2, carbachol, KCl, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [96] |
| 130 Apegenin | Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) | Whole plant infusion (MeOH 40%) | ACh, CaCl2, H, PE, S in rat ileum | IC | [97] |
| 131 Buddleoflavonol or Linarigenin | Agastache mexicana (Lamiaceae) | Aerial part (MeOH) | ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [77] |
| 132 Luteolin | Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) | Whole plant infusion (MeOH 40%) | ACh, CaCl2, H, PE, S in rat ileum | IC | [97] |
| Artemisia copa (Compositae) | Aerial parts (Aqueous) | KCl, PE, S in rat aorta | E | [98] | |
| Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) | Aerial part (EtOH) | ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum and trachea | IC | [99] | |
| Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae) | Leaf and flower (EtOH) | ACh, BaCl2, carbachol, H in guinea pig ileum and trachea, and rat vas deferens | IC | [100] | |
| 133 Scutellarein 6-β-D-glucoside (isovitexin) | Aloysia citridora (Verbenaceae) | Leaf infusion (Aqueous) | ACh, CaCl2, KCl in rat duodenum | IC | [101] |
| 134 Vitexin | Aloysia citridora (Verbenaceae) | Leaf infusion (Aqueous) | ACh, CaCl2, KCl in rat duodenum | IC | [101] |
| Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae) | Commercial (Aqueous) | KCl in rabbit jejunum | IC | [102] | |
| 135 Xanthomycrol | Brickellia paniculata (Compositae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | KCl, O in rat uterus | IC | [59] |
| 136 Demethoxycentaureidin | Piptadenia stipulacea (Leguminosae) | Aerial parts, (CHCl3) | Carbachol, H, O, in guinea pig ileum and trachea, rat aorta and uterus | IC | [103] |
| 137 Gnaphaliin B | Gnaphalium liebmannii (Asteraceae) | Aerial parts (Hexane) | ACh, carbachol in guinea pig trachea | IC | [104] |
| 138 Kaempferol or Kaempherol | Hedera helix (Araliaceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 30%) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [80] |
| 139 Gnaphaliin A | Gnaphalium liebmannii (Asteraceae) | Aerial parts (Hexane) | ACh, carbachol in guinea pig trachea | IC | [104] |
| 140 Quercetin | Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) | Whole plant infusion (MeOH 40%) | ACh, CaCl2, H, PE, serotonin in rat ileum | IC | [97] |
| Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) | Leaf extract (MeOH) | Peristalsis in guinea pig ileum | IC | [105] | |
| Drosera madascariensis (Droseraceae) | Leaf extract (EtOH 70%) | Carbachol, H, PGF2 in guinea pig ileum and trachea | IC | [106] | |
| Drosera rotundifolia (Droseraceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 70%) | Carbachol in guine pig ileum | IC | [107] | |
| Morinda morindoides (Rubiaceae) | Leaf extract (Aqueous) | Ac, KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [46] | |
| 141 3-O-Methylquercetin | Rhamnus nakaharai (Rhamnaceae) | Stem bark (not reported) | Carbachol, H, KCl in guinea pig trachea | IC | [108] |
| 142 3,4′-Dimethylquercetin | Artemisia abrotanum (Asteraceae) | Aerial part (MeOH 67%) | Carbachol in guinea pig trachea | IC | [109] |
| 143 3,7-Dimethylquercetin | Artemisia abrotanum (Asteraceae) | Aerial part (MeOH 67%) | Carbachol in guinea pig trachea | IC | [109] |
| 144 Isoquercetin | Conyza filaginoides (Asteraceae) | Leaf infusion [CHCl3:MeOH (1:1)] | Spontaneous contraction in rat ileum | IC | [47] |
| Hedera helix (Araliaceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 30%) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [80] | |
| Drosera rotundifolia (Droseraceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 70%) | Carbachol in guinea pig ileum | IC | [107] | |
| Drosera madascariensis (Droseraceae) | Leaf extract (EtOH 70%) | Carbachol, H, PGF2 in guinea pig ileum and trachea | IC | [106] | |
| Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) | Leaf extract (MeOH) | Peristalsis in guinea pig ileum | IC | [105] | |
| 145 Quercetin 3-α-rhamnoside or Quercitroside | Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) | Leaf extract (MeOH) | Peristalsis in guinea pig ileum | IC | [105] |
| Morinda morindoides (Rubiaceae) | Leaf extract (Aqueous) | ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [46] | |
| 146 Quercetin 3-O-β-L-arabinoside | Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) | Leaf extract (MeOH) | Peristalsis in guinea pig ileum | IC | [105] |
| 147 Quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactoside | Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) | Leaf extract (MeOH) | Peristalsis in guinea pig ileum | IC | [105] |
| Drosera madascariensis (Droseraceae) | Leaf extract (EtOH 70%) | Carbachol, H, PGF2 in guinea pig ileum and trachea | IC | [106] | |
| 148 Quercetin 3-O-β-gentiobioside 3-O-β-D- | Morinda morindoides (Rubiaceae) | Leaf extract (Aqueous) | ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum | IC | [46] |
| Glucopyranosylquercetin | Drosera rotundifolia (Droseraceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 70%) | Carbachol in guinea pig ileum | EO | [107] |
| 149 Centaureidin | Artemisia abrotanum (Asteraceae) | Aerial part (MeOH 67%) | Carbachol in guinea pig trachea | IC | [109] |
| 150 Casticin or Vitexicarpin | Artemisia abrotanum (Asteraceae) | Aerial part (MeOH 67%) | Carbachol in guinea pig trachea | IC | [109] |
| 151 Prunetol or Sophoricol | Genista tridentata (Papilionaceae) | Not reported | AC, electric field stimulation, 6-oxo PGE1 in guinea pig ileum | IC | [110] |
| 152 Boeravinone E | Boerhaavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae) | Root infusion (MeOH) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [111] |
| 153 4,6,11-trihydroxy-9-methoxy-10-methyl-6,12-dihydro-5,7-dioxatetraphen-12-one | Boerhaavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae) | Root infusion (MeOH) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [111] |
| 154 Boeravinone G | Boerhaavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae) | Root infusion (MeOH) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [111] |
| 155 (2R,3S,2”R,3”R)-Manniflavonone | Garcinia buchananii (Clusiaceae) | Stem bark (EtOH 70%) | Bay K 8644 in mouse ileum | IC | [112] |
| 156 Hyperoside | Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 70%) | KCl in rabbit jejunum | IC | [82] |
| 157 Chrysoeriol | Artemisia copa (Compositae) | Aerial parts (Aqueous) | KCl, PE, S in rat aorta | E | [98] |
| Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae) | Commercial (Aqueous) | KCl in rabbit jejunum | IC | [102] | |
| 158 Spinacetin | Artemisia copa (Compositae) | Aerial parts (Aqueous) | KCl, PE, S in rat aorta | E | [98] |
| 159 Vicenin 2 | Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae) | Commercial (Aqueous) | ACh, BaCl2 i rat ileum | IC | [113] |
| 160 Orientin | Aspalathus linearis (Fabaceae) | Commercial (Aqueous) | KCl in rabbit jejunum | IC | [102] |
|
| |||||
| Phenylmetanoids | |||||
| 161 Salicylic acid methyl ether | Brickellia veronicifolia (Asteraceae) | Aerial parts [CH2Cl2:MeOH (1:1)] | Gastrointestinal motility test in mouse | E | [75] |
| 162 O-Anisic acid or 6-Methoxysalicylic acid | Brickellia veronicifolia (Asteraceae) | Aerial parts [CH2Cl2:MeOH (1:1)] | Gastrointestinal motility test in mouse | E | [75] |
| 163 Protocatechuic acid | Hedera helix (Araliaceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 30%) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [80] |
| 164 Benzyl 2,5-dimethoxybenzoate | Brickellia veronicifolia (Asteraceae) | Aerial parts [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)] | Gastrointestinal motility test in mouse | E | [75] |
|
| |||||
| Phenylethanoids | |||||
| 165 O-Methylbalsamide | Zanthoxylum hyemale (Rutaceae) | Stem bark infusion (EtOH) | ACh, BaCl2 in rat ileum | IC | [114] |
| 166 (-)-Tembamide | Zanthoxylum hyemale (Rutaceae) | Stem bark infusion (EtOH) | ACh, BaCl2 in rat ileum | IC | [114] |
| 167 O-Methyltembamide | Zanthoxylum hyemale (Rutaceae) | Steam bark infusion (EtOH) | ACh, BaCl2 in rat ileum | IC | [114] |
|
| |||||
| Phenylpropanoids | |||||
| 168 Eugenol | Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) | Not reported | ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum | EO | [34] |
| 169 Rosemaric acid or Rosemary acid or trans-Rosmarinic acid | Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae) | Commercial | KCl in rat trachea | IC | [100] |
| 170 trans-Chlorogenic acid | Hedera helix (Araliaceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 30%) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [80] |
| 171 cis-Chlorogenic acid | Hedera helix (Araliaceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 30%) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [80] |
| 172 3,5-Dicaffeoylquininic acid | Hedera helix (Araliaceae) | Aerial parts (EtOH 30%) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [80] |
| 173 Verbascoside | Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) | Aerial part infusion (EtOH 20%) | ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum and trachea | E | [99] |
| 174 Isoacteoside or Isoverbascoside | Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) | Aerial part infusion (EtOH 20%) | ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum and trachea | E | [99] |
| 175 Plantamajoside or Plantamoside or Purpureaside A | Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) | Aerial part infusion (EtOH 20%) | ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum and trachea | E | [99] |
| 176 Lavandulifolioside | Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) | Aerial part infusion (EtOH 20%) | ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl in guinea pig ileum and trachea | E | [99] |
| 177 Echinacoside | Cistanche tubulosa (Orobanchaceae) | No reported (EtOH) | KCl, PE in rat aorta | IC | [115] |
| 178 Schisandrin A or Wuweizisu A | Schisandra chinensis (Schisandraceae) | Academic | Spontaneous contractions in rat colon | IC | [116] |
| 179 Schisandrin B or Wuweizisu B | Schisandra chinensis (Schisandraceae) | Fruit decoction (Aqueous) | ACh, KCl, S in guinea pig ileum | IC | [117] |
| 180 Schisandrol B | Schisandra chinensis (Schisandraceae) | Fruit decoction (Aqueous) | ACh, KCl, S in guinea pig ileum | IC | [117] |
|
| |||||
| Stilbenoids | |||||
| 181 Aloifol II or Dendrophenol or Moscatilin | Nidema boothii (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH 1:1)] | Spontaneous contraction in guinea pig ileum | IC | [118] |
| 182 Batatasin III | Nidema boothii (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH 1:1)] | Spontaneous contraction in guinea pig ileum | IC | [118] |
| Scaphyglottis livida (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)] | ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileum | IC | [119] | |
| 183 4-[2-(3-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2-methoxyphenol | Scaphyglottis livida (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)] | ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileum | IC | [119] |
| 184 Gigantol | Nidema boothii (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)] | Spontaneous contraction in guinea pig ileum | IC | [118] |
| 185 Coelonin | Scaphyglottis livida (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)] | ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileum | IC | [119] |
| 186 Erianthridin | Maxillaria densa (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CHCl3-MeOH (1:1)] | ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileum | IC | [120] |
| 187 Ephemeranthoquinone | Nidema boothii (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)] | Spontaneous contraction in guinea pig ileum | IC | [118] |
| 188 Nudol | Maxillaria densa (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CHCl3-MeOH (1:1)] | ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileum | IC | [120] |
| 189 3,4- dimethoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol | Maxillaria densa (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CHCl3-MeOH (1:1)] | ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileum | IC | [120] |
| 190 Denthyrsinin | Scaphyglottis livida (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1)] | ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileum | IC | [119] |
| 191 Gymnopusin | Maxillaria densa (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CHCl3-MeOH (1:1)] | ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileum | IC | [120] |
| 192 Fimbriol A | Maxillaria densa (Orchidaceae) | Whole plant infusion [CHCl3-MeOH (1:1)] | ACh, BaCl2, H in rat ileum | IC | [120] |
|
| |||||
| Curcuminoid | |||||
| 193 (1E,5S,6E)-5-hydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadien-3-one | Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) | Macerated rhizome (EtOH 70%) | ACh, BaCl2, CaCl2, H, KCl, O in guinea pig Ileum and rat uterus | IC | [121] |
|
| |||||
| Benzofurans and Related | |||||
| 194 (+)-Vitisin C | Vitis spp. (Vitaceae) | Stem infusion (MeOH) | PE in rabbit aorta | IC | [122] |
| 195 Butylphthalide | Ligusticum wallichii (Umbelliferae) | Rhizome (hydrodistillation) | CaCl2, KCl in rat aorta | EO | [123] |
| 196 cis-Butylidenephthalide | Ligusticum wallichii (Umbelliferae) | Rhizome (hydrodistillation) | CaCl2, KCl in rat aorta | EO | [123] |
| 197 Ligustilide A or cis-Ligustilide | Ligusticum wallichii (Umbelliferae) | Rhizome (hydrodistillation) | CaCl2, KCl in rat aorta | EO | [123] |
| 198 12-acetoxytremetone | Helichrysum italicum ssp. italicum (Asteraceae) | Flowers (EtOH) | ACh, BaCl2 in mouse ileum | IC | [124] |
| 199 1-[(2R)-2-(3-hydroxyprop-1-en-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl]ethan-1-one | Helichrysum italicum ssp. italicum (Asteraceae) | Flowers (EtOH) | ACh, BaCl2 in mouse ileum | IC | [124] |
|
| |||||
| Alkaloids | |||||
| 200 Indicaxanthin | Opuntia ficus indica (Cactaceae) | Fruit pulp infusion (Aqueous) | Carbachol, KCl in mouse ileum | IC | [125] |
| 201 Papaverine | Daucus carota (Apiaceae) | Seed infusion (MeOH 90%) | ACh, BaCl2, H, KCl, S, O in dog trachea, guinea pig, rabbit, rat ilea, rat uterus | IC | [126] |
| 202 Higenamine | Nandina domestica (Berberidaceae) | Fruit (Aqueous) | ACh, H, KCl in guinea pig trachea | IC | [127] |
| 203 Atherosperminine | Fissistigma glaucescens (Annonaceae) | Bark (MeOH) | Carbachol, KCl, LTC4, PGF2α, U46619 in guinea pig trachea | IC | [128] |
| 204 (+)-Domestine or (+)-Nantenine | Platycapnos spicata (Fumariaceae) | Academic supplier | BaCl2, CaCl2, KCl, PE, S in rat aorta and atria | IC | [129] |
| 205 10-Methylacridone | Citrus deliciosa (Rutaceae) | Root juice (MeOH) | Rabbit ileum | IC | [130] |
| 206 Spermatheridine or liriodenin | Fissistigma glaucescens (Annonaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | Carbachol in canine trachea | IC | [131] |
| 207 Citpressine I | Citrus deliciosa (Rutaceae) | Root juice (MeOH) | Rabbit ileum | IC | [130] |
| 208 Jatrorhizine or Neprotine | Berberis aristata (Berberidaceae) | Institutional supplier | ACh, S, spontaneous contractions in rat ileum | IC | [132] |
| Coptis chinensis (Ranunculaceae) | Rhizoma (EtOH 70%) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [133] | |
| 209 Coptisine | Coptis chinensis (Ranunculaceae) | Rhizoma (EtOH 70%) | ACh in guinea pig ileum | IC | [133] |
| 210 Escholine or Thalictrine | Mahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceas) | Cortex and fruit infusion | KCl, PE in rat aorta | IC | [134] |
| 211 (+)-Isothebaine | Mahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceas) | Cortex and fruit infusion | KCl, PE in rat aorta | IC | [134] |
| 212 (+)-Corytuberine | Mahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceas) | Cortex and fruit infusion | KCl, PE in rat aorta | IC | [134] |
| 213 (+)-Isocorydine or Luteanine | Mahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceas) | Cortex and fruit infusion | KCl, PE in rat aorta | IC | [134] |
| 214 (+)-Chelidonine or Stylophorine | Chelidonium majus (Papaveraceae) | Commercial supplier | BaCl2, carbachol in guinea pig ileum | IC | [135] |
| 215 (-)-8 beta-(4′-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3-dimethoxyberbin-10-ol | Aristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (MeOH) | ACh, electrical contraction, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [136] |
| 216 3-O-methylconstrictosine | Aristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (MeOH) | ACh, electrical contraction, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [136] |
| 217 3,5-di-O-methylconstrictosine | Aristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (MeOH) | ACh, electrical contraction, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [136] |
| 218 5,6-dihydro-3,5-di-O-methylconstrictosine | Aristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (MeOH) | ACh, electrical contraction, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [136] |
| 219 5,6-dihydroconstrictosine | Aristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (MeOH) | ACh, electrical contraction, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [136] |
| 220 Constrictosine | Aristolochia constricta (Aristolochiaceae) | Aerial part infusion (MeOH) | ACh, electrical contraction, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [136] |
| 221 Isojuripidine | Solanum asterophorum (Solanaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | ACh, CaCl2, H in guinea pig ileum | IC | [137] |
| 222 Sarcodine | Sarcocca saligna (Buxaceae) | Whole plant (MeOH) | ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum, rat stomach fundus, rabbit jejunum | IC | [138] |
| 223 Saracorine or Sarcorine | Sarcococca saligna (Buxaceae) | Whole plant infusion (MeOH) | ACh, KCl in rabbit jejunum | IC | [139] |
| 224 Saracocine | Sarcocca saligna (Buxaceae) | Whole plant (MeOH) | ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum, rat stomach fundus, rabbit jejunum | IC | [138] |
| 225 Alkaloid C | Sarcocca saligna (Buxaceae) | Whole plant (MeOH) | ACh, KCl in guinea pig ileum, rat stomach fundus, rabbit jejunum | IC | [138] |
| 226 (-)-Pachyaximine A | Sarcococca saligna (Buxaceae) | Whole plant infusion (MeOH) | ACh, KCl in rabbit jejunum, KCl | IC | [139] |
| 227 (-)-(R)-Geibalansine or (-)-R-Geilbalansine | Zanthoxylum hyemale (Rutaceae) | Stem bark infusion (EtOH) | ACh, BaCl2 in rat ileum | IC | [114] |
| 228 Hyemaline | Zanthoxylum hyemale (Rutaceae) | Stem bark infusion (EtOH) | ACh, BaCl2 in rat ileum | IC | [114] |
| 229 Theophylline | Fissistigma glaucescens (Annonaceae) | Leaf infusion (MeOH) | Carbachol in canine trachea | IC | [131] |
| 230 Carboxyscotangamine A | Scopolia tangutica (Solanaceae) | Root (95% EtOH) | Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cell | IC | [140] |
| 231 Scotanamine A | Scopolia tangutica (Solanaceae) | Root (95% EtOH) | Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cell | IC | [140] |
| 232 Piperine | Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) | Fruit (EtOH) | Ileum loop in mice | IC | [141] |
|
| |||||
| Amines | |||||
| 233 Scotanamine B | Scopolia tangutica (Solanaceae) | Root (95% EtOH) | Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cell | IC | [123] |
| 234 Scotanamine C | Scopolia tangutica (Solanaceae) | Root (95% EtOH) | Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cell | IC | [140] |
| 235 Scotanamine D | Scopolia tangutica (Solanaceae) | Root (95% EtOH) | Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cell | IC | [140] |
| 236 N1-Caffeoyl-N3-dihydrocaffeoylspermidine | Scopolia tangutica (Solanaceae) | Root (95% EtOH) | Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cell | IC | [140] |
| 237 N1, N10-Bis(dihydrocaffeoyl)spermidine | Scopolia tangutica (Solanaceae) | Root (95% EtOH) | Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cell | IC | [140] |
| 238 Caffeoylputrescine | Scopolia tangutica (Solanaceae) | Root (95% EtOH) | Carbachol in Chinese hamster ovarian cell | IC | [140] |
|
| |||||
| Isothiocyanates | |||||
| 239 Redskin or Senfoel | Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae) | Commercial source | ACh, electrical contraction in mouse ileum | IC | [142] |
|
| |||||
| Alcohols | |||||
| 240 (3E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-en-1-ol | Zingiber cassumunar (Zingiberaceae) | Chemically synthesized | O in rat uterus | IC | [143] |
|
| |||||
| Ketones | |||||
| 241 2-Decanone | Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) | Leaf (EtOH 70%) | KCl in rat ileum | E | [144] |
| 242 2-Undecanone | Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) | Leaf (EtOH 70%) | KCl in rat ileum | E | [144] |
| 243 2-Tridecanone | Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) | Leaf (EtOH 70%) | KCl in rat ileum | E | [144] |
| 244 Latifolone | Ferula heuffelii (Apiaceae) | Underground part (CHCl3) | ACh, KCl in rat ileum | IC | [85] |
| 245 Dshamirone | Ferula heuffelii (Apiaceae) | Underground part (CHCl3) | ACh, KCl in rat ileum | IC | [85] |
|
| |||||
| Phenolic compounds | |||||
| 246 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-hexanonic acid (HMPHA) | Pycnocycla spinosa (Umbelliferae) | Aerial parts (MeOH) | KCl in rat ileum | IC | [145] |
| 247 Isovanillin | Pycnocycla spinosa (Umbelliferae) | Aerial parts (MeOH) | KCl in rat ileum | IC | [146] |
| 248 Iso-acetovanillon | Pycnocycla spinosa (Umbelliferae) | Aerial parts (MeOH) | KCl in rat ileum | IC | [146] |
IC = isolated compound, E = extract, EO = essential oil, ACh = acetylcholine, O = oxytocin, PMA = β-Phenylethyl amsine, PGF = Prostaglandin F2α, H = histamine, S = serotonin.