Table 3.

Hierarchical modelling of factors associated with BMI for males and females in rural Burkina Faso.

	Model 1				Model 2				Model 3
	Male		Female		Male		Female		Male		Female
	β coefficient (CI 95%)	P	β coefficient (CI 95%)	P	β coefficient (CI 95%)	P	β coefficient (CI 95%)	P	β coefficient (CI 95%)	P	β coefficient (CI 95%)	P
Age	−0.09 (−0.12; −0.05)	< 001	−0.03 (−0.07; 0)	0.067	−0.08 (−0.11; −0.04)	< 001	−0.01 (−0.04; 0.03)	0.659	−0.08 (−0.11; −0.04)	< 001	0 (−0.04; 0.03)	0.822
Ethnic (Ref: Mossi)
Gouroussi	−1.32 (−2.94; 0.3)	0.110	−0.16 (−0.82; 0.49)	0.621	−1.28 (−2.86; 0.3)	0.112	−0.12 (−0.76; 0.52)	0.708	−1.27 (−2.85; 0.31)	0.115	−0.11 (−0.76; 0.53)	0.729
Others	0.15 (−1.45; 1.75)	0.854	1.22 (−0.77; 3.2)	0.230	0.1 (−1.46; 1.66)	0.899	1.25 (−0.66; 3.17)	0.200	0.1 (−1.46; 1.66)	0.899	1.24 (−0.68; 3.17)	0.205
Marital status (Ref: Currently married/cohabiting)
Previously married/cohabiting/partner deceased	0.26 (−2.01; 2.53)	0.822	−0.54 (−1; −0.08)	0.020	0.04 (−2.17; 2.25)	0.972	−0.38 (−0.82; 0.07)	0.102	0.03 (−2.17; 2.24)	0.975	−0.35 (−0.8; 0.1)	0.128
Never married/cohabiting	−2.42 (−4.16; −0.69)	0.006	−4.45 (−10.67; 1.78)	0.162	−1.92 (−3.62; −0.23)	0.026	−4.81 (−10.82; 1.21)	0.117	−1.93 (−3.62; −0.23)	0.026	−4.78 (−10.82; 1.27)	0.121
Education level (Ref: No formal education)
Primary	−0.01 (−0.56; 0.55)	0.984	1.74 (0.92; 2.56)	< 001	0.01 (−0.53; 0.55)	0.970	1.26 (0.46; 2.06)	0.002	0.01 (−0.53; 0.55)	0.975	1.25 (0.45; 2.06)	0.002
Secondary	1.2 (0.38; 2.02)	0.004	7.42 (5.42; 9.42)	< 001	1.17 (0.34; 1.99)	0.006	6.56 (4.6; 8.52)	< 001	1.16 (0.34; 1.99)	0.006	6.56 (4.59; 8.53)	< 001
Tertiary	2.28 (0.52; 4.04)	0.011	7.74 (−0.84; 16.33)	0.077	2.08 (0.32; 3.85)	0.021	7.82 (−0.46; 16.11)	0.064	2.08 (0.31; 3.84)	0.021	8.14 (−0.17; 16.45)	0.055
Household asset status (Ref: Quintile = 1)
2	0.32 (−0.39; 1.04)	0.372	−0.06 (−0.67; 0.55)	0.840	0.33 (−0.36; 1.02)	0.351	−0.13 (−0.73; 0.48)	0.675	0.33 (−0.36; 1.03)	0.350	−0.18 (−0.79; 0.43)	0.568
3	0.66 (−0.07; 1.4)	0.076	0.03 (−0.57; 0.62)	0.934	0.7 (−0.03; 1.43)	0.059	−0.06 (−0.67; 0.54)	0.834	0.71 (−0.02; 1.43)	0.058	−0.12 (−0.74; 0.5)	0.702
4	0.85 (0.11; 1.6)	0.025	0.28 (−0.32; 0.88)	0.367	0.78 (0.03; 1.53)	0.042	−0.01 (−0.62; 0.61)	0.986	0.78 (0.03; 1.53)	0.041	−0.06 (−0.68; 0.57)	0.854
5	2.84 (2.13; 3.55)	< 001	0.82 (0.23; 1.41)	0.007	2.45 (1.72; 3.18)	< 001	0.36 (−0.27; 0.98)	0.261	2.45 (1.72; 3.19)	< 001	0.3 (−0.33; 0.93)	0.344
Consumption alcohol status (Ref: Never consumption)
Current non problematic					−0.23 (−0.73; 0.26)	0.355	0.2 (−0.25; 0.64)	0.385	−0.23 (−0.73; 0.26)	0.354	0.21 (−0.23; 0.66)	0.344
Current problematic					−0.89 (−1.54; −0.24)	0.007	−0.05 (−0.76; 0.65)	0.882	−0.89 (−1.54; −0.24)	0.007	−0.03 (−0.74; 0.68)	0.939
Ever consumption					−0.63 (−1.5; 0.24)	0.157	0.6 (−0.03; 1.22)	0.060	−0.63 (−1.5; 0.25)	0.160	0.6 (−0.03; 1.22)	0.062
Smoking status (Ref: Never smoked)
Current smoker					−2 (−2.59; −1.41)	< 001			−2 (−2.59; −1.41)	< 001	−2.3 (−6.35; 1.75)	0.266
Former smoker					−0.12 (−0.75; 0.5)	0.706	−2.35 (−6.4; 1.7)	0.255	−0.11 (−0.74; 0.52)	0.724
Chewing tobacco use (Ref: No)
Yes					−0.72 (−1.54; 0.11)	0.091	−0.79 (−1.2; −0.37)	< 001	−0.72 (−1.55; 0.11)	0.090	−0.8 (−1.22; −0.39)	< 001
Servings bread/day					−0.02 (−0.12; 0.08)	0.721	0.42 (0.27; 0.57)	< 001	−0.02 (−0.12; 0.08)	0.719	0.42 (0.27; 0.56)	< 001
Fruit serving/day					0.06 (−0.05; 0.17)	0.281	0.07 (−0.04; 0.17)	0.196	0.06 (−0.05; 0.17)	0.274	0.07 (−0.04; 0.18)	0.206
Vegetable serving/day					0.11 (0.03; 0.2)	0.008	0.06 (−0.01; 0.13)	0.106	0.11 (0.03; 0.2)	0.008	0.06 (−0.01; 0.13)	0.105
Physical activity					0 (0; 0)	0.622	0 (0; 0)	0.079	0 (0; 0)	0.618	0 (0; 0)	0.046
Eating out/week					0.06 (−0.03; 0.16)	0.209	0.19 (−0.05; 0.43)	0.125	0.06 (−0.03; 0.16)	0.207	0.19 (−0.05; 0.42)	0.130
Sugar sweetened beverage/week					0.13 (−0.02; 0.29)	0.086	0.47 (−0.17; 1.11)	0.150	0.13 (−0.02; 0.29)	0.087	0.48 (−0.17; 1.12)	0.147
Sleep (hours/night)					−0.06 (−0.24; 0.11)	0.483	−0.15 (−0.31; 0.01)	0.062	−0.06 (−0.24; 0.11)	0.487	−0.15 (−0.31; 0.01)	0.060
Sitting (hours/day)					0 (0; 0)	0.907	0 (0; 0)	0.013	0 (0; 0)	0.907	0 (0; 0)	0.011
TB status (Ref: No)
Yes									−0.19 (−1.64; 1.26)	0.798	−0.75 (−2.58; 1.08)	0.422
Don’t Know									-	-	−0.32 (−2.52; 1.87)	0.772
Not answered									-	-	−1.82 (−7.54; 3.9)	0.533
Menopause (Ref: Pre-menopause)
Peri-menopause									-	-	0.35 (−0.27; 0.98)	0.269
Post-menopause									-	-	−0.11 (−0.54; 0.32)	0.627
Number of pregnancies											0.06 (−0.02; 0.14)	0.153
	Model 1: R2 Male: 0.1855; R2 Female: 0.1022				Model 2: R2 Male: 0.2502; R2 Female: 0.1758				Model 3: R2 Male: 0.2638; R2 Female: 0.1642

Model 1: Association between sociodemographic variables (age, ethnicity, education level, marital status and SES (quintiles)) and BMI. We included all variables with p < 0.20 from the bivariate analyses.

Model 2: Lifestyle (behavioural) variables: alcohol consumption, tobacco exposure, MVPA, sedentary behaviour). Include all variables with p < 0.20

Model 3: Model 1 and Model 2, in addition with TB status, menopause, and number of pregnancies

CI 95%: Confidence Interval 95%