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. 2018 Oct 22;8:15587. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33875-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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TBK1/IKKε inhibitors accelerate restoration of β-cell function by selectively increasing the number of β-cells. (A–C) Confocal images of [Tg(ins:CFP-NTR)^s892; Tg(ins:Kaede)^jh6] larvae at 48 hpa, concurrently treated with EdU and DMSO (A), amlexanox (B), or PIAA (C), respectively, from 0–48 hpa, stained for Somatostatin (blue). The number of Somatostatin-expressing δ-cells that incorporated EdU (purple arrows) did not increase in TBK1/IKKε-I-treated recovering larvae (B, C) compared to DMSO-treated larvae (A). (D) The percentage (mean ± SD) of δ-cells that incorporated EdU at 48 hpa (in A-C; 12.9 ± 2.0% (DMSO), 12.4 ± 4.7% (amlexanox), and 15.1 ± 4.3% (PIAA)). Cells in 20 planes of confocal images from 10 individual larvae were counted per condition. (E–G) Confocal images of [Tg(ins:CFP-NTR)^s892; Tg(ins:Kaede)^jh6] larvae at 48 hpa, concurrently treated with EdU and DMSO (E), amlexanox (F), or PIAA (G), respectively, from 0–48 hpa, stained for Glucagon (blue). The number of Glucagon-expressing α-cells that incorporated EdU (blue arrows) did not increase in TBK1/IKKε-I-treated recovering larvae (F, G) compared to DMSO-treated larvae (E). (H) The percentage (mean ± SD) of α-cells that incorporated EdU at 48 hpa (in E-G; 6.2 ± 2.4% (DMSO), 8.0 ± 1.9% (amlexanox), and 10.9 ± 3.4% (PIAA)). Cells in 20 planes of confocal images from 10 individual larvae were counted per condition. (I) Free-glucose levels (mean ± SD) during β-cell regeneration in non-ablated wild type, DMSO-treated recovering, and TBK1/IKKε-I-treated recovering larvae. At 7 dpf (equivalent to 72 hpa), free-glucose levels were significantly lower in PIAA-treated recovering larvae (blue line, 457.7 ± 28.8 pmol/larva) than in DMSO-treated larvae (purple line, 719.3 ± 42.2 pmol/larva). *P < 0.05. n = 30 larvae (3 pools of 10 larvae) per data point.