Table 3.
Association between MetS and nephrolithiasis.
| Reference | Country | Study population | Mean age (years) | Female (%) | MetS criteria | MetS population | NL definition | NL population | Prevalence | Adjusted OR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| West et al. (2008) [27] | USA | 14 870 | 50.1 | 52.4 | AHA/NHLBI | 4949 | Self-reported history | 699 | History of NL in 8.8% of MetS patients vs. 4.3% in non-MetS patients Component number 0: 3% 3: 7.5% 5: 9.8% |
E: 1.52 Component number 0: 1.0 1: 1.40 2: 2.09 3: 2.56 4: 3.85 5: 3.42 |
| Rendina et al. (2009) [28] | Italy | 2 132 | 63.8 | 51.3 | AHA/NHLBI | 725 | US and self-reported history | 298 | 50.9% of patients with evidence of NL met criteria for MetS | E: 2.0 M: 1.89 F: 2.19 |
| Jeong et al. (2011) [30] | Korea | 34 895 | 50.0 | 40.4 | NCEP ATP III | 4 779 | CT and/or US | 839 | In MetS, 71% increased OR of kidney stone prevalence vs. non-MetS Component number 0: 1.75% 1: 2.45% 2: 2.76% 3: 3.87% 4: 3.12% 5: 4.37% |
E: 1.25 |
| Kohjimoto et al. (2013) [52] | Japan | 11 555 | 52.5 | 26.1 | Obesity, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; hypertension,BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg; dyslipidemia, LDL ≥ 140 mg/dL, HDL < 40 mg/dL, or TG ≥ 150 mg/dL; diabetes, fasting ≥ 126 mg/dL, 2-h 75-g glucose test ≥ 200 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% | 6 306 | Previous radiologic diagnosis | 11 555 | Component number 0: 57.7% 1: 61.7% 2: 65.2% 3: 69.3% 4: 73.3% |
E: 1.78 |
AHA, American Heart Association; BMI, body mass index; CT, computed tomography; E, entire study population; F, female; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HTN, hypertension; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; M, male; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NCEP ATP III, United States National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III; TG, triglycerides; NHLBI, National Heart Lungs and Blood Institute; NL, nephrolithiasis; OR, odds ratio; US, ultrasonography.