Table 1.
Epidemiological data and composition of urinary tract stones in East Asia.
| Study | Country/Region | Year (s) | Type of stones | Prevalence (%) | Incidence (/100 000) | Recurrence rate (%) | Male to female ratio | Age of peak prevalence (years) | Calcium oxalate (%) | Calcium phosphate (%) | Uric acid (%) | Cystine (%) | Struvite (%) | Apatite (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zeng and He, 2013 [8] | China | 2008 | Kidney stones | 4 | — | — | 1.26 | 50–70 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Wu et al., 2014 [66] | China | 2003–2012 | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | — | — | 78.3 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 0.2 | 14.6 | — |
| Chen et al., 2017 [9] | China | 2013–2014 | Urolithiasis | 7.96 | — | — | 1.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Zeng et al., 2017 [10] | China | 2013–2014 | Kidney stones | 6.4 | — | — | 1.3 | 65–74 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Lee et al., 2002 [13] | Taiwan, China | 1994–1996 | UUT | 9.6 | — | — | 1.08 | 51–60 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Hsu et al., 2002 [67] | Taiwan, China | 1956–1999 | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | 2.3 | — | 87.3 | 71.8 | 7.5 | 0.2 | 8.2 | 65.6 |
| Huang et al., 2013 [2] | Taiwan, China | 1997–2010 | UUT | 7.38 | 1278–1367 | 6.12 (1 yr), 34.71 (5 yrs) |
1.32–1.95 | 60–69 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Kim et al., 2002 [12] | South Korea | 1998 | Urolithiasis | 3.5 | 900 | 20 (2 yrs) | 3.3–6.3 | 50–59 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Bae et al., 2014 [68] | South Korea | 2009 | UUT | — | 457.02 | 1.8 | 60–69 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Choi and Yoon, 2017 [54] | South Korea | 2008–2013 | Urolithiasis | 12.2–9.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Tae and Balpukov, 2018 [5] | South Korea | 2002–2013 | Urolithiasis | 11.5 | 440–560 | 21.3 (5 yrs), 38.1 (10 yrs) | 1.3 | 60–69 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Takasaki, 1975 [43] | Japan | 1953–1970 | Urolithiasis | — | — | 38.6–55.6 | — | 20–39 | 72.9 | — | 3.9 | 0.95 | 22.1 | — |
| Yoshida and Okada, 1990 [30] | Japan | 1945–1987 | Urolithiasis | 5.4 | 53.8–92.5 | — | 7–2.4 | 30–59 | 79.4 | — | 5.2 | 1 | 7.4 | — |
| Kohri et al., 1991 [51] | Japan | 1977–1985 | Urolithiasis | — | — | — | 3 | 30–59 | 63.8 | 65.3 | 1.8 | — | 17.3 | — |
| Iguchi et al., 1996 [40] | Japan | 1992 | Urolithiasis | 6.95 | 970 | 24.20 | 1–2 | 50–59 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yoshida et al., 1999 [7] | Japan | 1965–1995 | Urolithiasis | 4.3–9.0 | 43.7–110.9 | — | 1.8–2.8 | 20–69 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yasui et al., 2008 [11] | Japan | 1965–2005 | Urolithiasis | — | 54.2–114.3 | — | 2.54–2.76 | 30–79 | 83.7–92.1 | — | 4.6–5.5 | 1.6 | 5.1–23.3 | — |
| Yasui et al., 2008 [6] | Japan | 1965–2006 | LUT | — | 4.7–9.1 | — | — | 50–69 | 72.1–69.9 | — | 13.4–19.3 | 1.1–3.1 | 59.3–66 | — |
—: The data were not provided in the study.
LUT, lower urinary tract; UUT, upper urinary tract; yr, year; yrs, years.