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. 2017 Feb 28;19(3):237–249. doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.07.009

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© 2016 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Mouse tumors were infiltrated with immunosuppressive plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Flow cytometry analysis of littermate control kidneys (4A) and mouse tumors (4B) showed significantly greater infiltration of immunosuppressive pDCs in tumors (4B) than its littermate control kidneys (4A). To elucidate the underlying mechanism of pDCs infiltration, an immunosuppressive enzyme indolamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) was analyzed by Q-PCR with IDO specific primers, which was shown to be upregulated in the tumors compared to controls (4D). All data are shown as mean ± SEM, n = 5–6 mice/group (*** P< .001, ** P< .01).