Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the studies included in this meta-analysis.
| Study | MDD subjects |
HC |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean age (SD), years | Female, N (%) | Mean illness duration (SD), years | Depression state | Depression severity | Medication status (%) | Comorbidity (N) | N | Mean age (SD), years | Female (N, %) | |
| Samples from adolescents | |||||||||||
| Kim et al., 2015 [11] | 22 | 13.9(1.6) | 8(36) | 6(1.6) | Active | CDI: 40.0 | Medication-naïve (100%) | Pure MDD | 20 | 14.5(1.7) | 6(30) |
| Pannekoek et al., 2014 [9] | 26 | 15.4(1.5) | 23(88) | NA | Active | CDI: 18.6 | Medication-naïve (100%) | Anxiety (18) | 26 | 14.7(1.5) | 23(88.5) |
| Peters et al., 2016 [63] | 23 | 15.61(1.9) | 13(57) | NA | Remitted | CDRS-R: 26.91 | Medicated (52%) | Anxiety (8) | 10 | 15.8(1.99) | 7(70) |
| Chattopadhyay et al., 2017 [64] | 82 | 15.69(1.12) | 64(78) | NA | Active | SMFQ: 18.02 | Medication-naïve (100%) | Pure MDD | 34 | 15.73(1.44) | 27(100) |
| Cullen et al., 2014 [10] | 41 | 15.7(2) | 32(78) | 0.83(0.9) | Active | CRDS: 77 | Medication-naïve (73%) | Anxiety (25) | 29 | 16(2) | 22(76) |
| Connolly et al., 2017 [65] | 48 | 16.1(1.3) | 29(60) | NA | Active | CRDS: 70.2 | Medication-naïve (100%) | Anxiety (14), PTSD (5) | 53 | 16.1(1.3) | 33(62) |
| Cullen et al., 2009 [66] | 12 | 16.5(0.95) | 9(75) | 2.2(2.2) | Active | CRDS: 77 | Medicated (84%) | Anxiety (10) | 14 | 16.8(1.5) | 8(57) |
| Straub et al., 2017 [67] | 19 | 16.76(1.39) | 15(79) | NA | Active | CRDS: 55.91 | Drug-free | Phobia (5) | 19 | 16.35(1.47) | 15(79) |
| Samples from adults | |||||||||||
| Zhang X et al., 2014 [7] | 32 | 20.53(1.78) | 18(56) | NA | Active | CES-D: 38.03 | Medication-naïve (100%) | Pure MDD | 35 | 20.97(1.29) | 17(49) |
| Jacobs et al., 2016(a) [68] | 17 | 22.35(1.80) | 11(65) | 3.13 | Active | HAMD: 18.65 | Medicated (36%) | Anxiety (15) | 26 | 21.15(1.49) | 14(54) |
| Jacobs et al., 2016(b) [68] | 34 | 21.06(1.54) | 25(74) | 7.97 | Remitted | HAMD: 2.35 | Medicated (62%) | Anxiety (12) | 26 | 21.15(1.49) | 14(54) |
| Ye J et al., 2017 (YA) [18] | 34 | 24.15(2.84) | 17(50) | NA | Active | HAMD: 23.59 | Medication-naïve (100%) | Pure MDD | 35 | 24.8(2.14) | 18(51) |
| Altinay et al., 2016 [69] | 15 | 27(10) | 9(60) | NA | Active | HAMD: 20 | Drug-free | Anxiety (15), PTSD (1) | 15 | 29(8) | 9(60) |
| Deligiannidis et al., 2013 [70] | 8 | 28.62(5.93) | 8(100) | NA | Active | QIDS: 11.3 | Drug-free | Anxiety (4), PTSD (1) | 9 | 30.67(3.81) | 9(100) |
| Tang Y et al., 2013 [8] | 28 | 29.3(8.7) | 16(57) | 1.13(1.3) | Active | HAMD: 29 | Medication-naïve (100%) | Pure MDD | 30 | 30.1(8.4) | 15(50) |
| Lui S et al., 2011 (NRD) [71] | 32 | 32(10) | 11(34) | 1.83(1.5) | Active | HAMD: 23.0 | Medication-naïve (100%) | Pure MDD | 48 | 35(12) | 17(35) |
| Wang Y et al., 2016 [72] | 25 | 32.11(11.25) | 11(44) | 0.7(0.2) | Active | HAMD: 29.32 | NA | Pure MDD | 35 | 33.28(8.83) | 16(46) |
| Lui S et al., 2011 (RD)[71] | 28 | 33(11) | 10(37.5) | 16.08(10) | Active | HAMD: 23.3 | Medication-naïve (100%) | Pure MDD | 48 | 35(12) | 17(35) |
| Ramasubbu et al., 2014 [17] | 55 | 36.5(10.4) | 33(60) | 4.19(5) | Active | HAMD: 21.41 | Drug-free | Pure MDD | 19 | 32.89(9.97) | 11(58) |
| Ye J et al., 2017 (OA)[18] | 35 | 37.14(4.15) | 26(74) | NA | Active | HAMD: 23.69 | Medication-naïve (100%) | Pure MDD | 46 | 37.22(4.44) | 36(78) |
| Yang J et al., 2017 [73] | 35 | 44.54(11.15) | 35(100) | 2.68(3.8) | Active | HAMD: 28.29 | Drug-free | Pure MDD | 23 | 39.09(14.3) | 23(100) |
| Tahmasian et al., 2013 [36] | 21 | 51(15) | 11(52) | 14.7(11) | Active | HAMD: 23.8 | Medicated (95%) | Anxiety (6),somatization disorder (2),personality disorder (5) | 20 | 49.6(13.9) | 11(55) |
Abbreviations: N, numbers; CDI, Children's Depression Inventory; CDRS-R, Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised; CDRS, Children's Depression Rating Scale; SMFQ, Short Mood and Feeling Questionnaire; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; HAMD, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; QIDS, Quick Inventory Depressive Symptoms; NA, not available; YA, young adult; NRD, nonrefractory depression; RD, refractory depression; OA, older adults.