Table 1.
Ingredients listed on the product labels of moisturizers tested in this study
| Ingredient class | Ceramide cream | Placebo cream | Reference product 1 | Reference product 2 | Reference product 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base | Water | Water | Water | Water | Water |
| Humectant | Glycerin | Betaine | Glycerin | ||
| Sodium PCAa | Glycerin | ||||
| Occludent | Dimethicone | White soft paraffin | Squalane | Caprylic/capric triglyceride | |
| Petroleum | Dimethicone | ||||
| Emollient | Paraffinium liquidum 1,2-hexanediol caprylyl glycol | Liquid paraffin | Elaeis guineensis oil Olea europaea fruit oil Olus | ||
| Ceramide promoter | Niacinamide Lactic acida | Phytosphingosine | |||
| Ceramide/cholesterol/fatty acid | Ceramide NP | Ceramide 1 | |||
| Ceramide EOP | Ceramide 3 | ||||
| Cholesterol | Ceramide 6-II | ||||
| Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) seed oil | Cholesterol | ||||
| Other | Cetearyl alcohol | Cetearyl alcohol | Cetearyl alcohol | Pentylene glycol | Behentrimonium methosulfate |
| Ceteareth-20 | Ceteareth-20 | Ceteareth-20 | Acetamide MEA | Carbomer | |
| Glyceryl stearate SE | Glyceryl stearate SE | Citric acid | Carbomer | Ceteareth-20 | |
| Laureth-3 | Laureth-3 | Methylparaben | Hydrogenated lecithin | Cetearyl alcohol | |
| Sodium hydroxide | Methylparaben | Propylparaben | Hydroxyethylcellulose | Dipotassium EDTA | |
| Stearic acid | Propylparaben | Trisodium citrate | Palmitamide MEA (PEA) | Hyaluronic acid | |
| Xanthan gum | Stearic acid | Sarcosine | Methylparaben | ||
| Xanthan gum | Sodium carbomer | Polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate | |||
| Xanthan gum | Polysorbate 20 | ||||
| Potassium phosphate | |||||
| Propylparaben | |||||
| Xanthan gum |
Notes:
a
Also an NMF component.
Abbreviations: PCA, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid; NMF, natural moisturizing factor.