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. 2018 Oct 15;9:831. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00831

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Copyright © 2018 Liu, Chen, Kwan, Chou, Yu, Yen, Liao, Chen, Lin, Chen, Jih, Lu, Wu, Wang and Hsiao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Group difference of gamma synchronization between PKD and the healthy controls (HC). (A) The peak frequency of gamma oscillation in the PKD group was much smaller than that in the HCl group (for the first response, PKD: HC = 40.1 ± 1.5 Hz: 62.1 ± 4.2 Hz, p < 0.001; for the second response, PKD: HC = 39.2 ± 1.8 Hz: 58.8 ± 4.1 Hz, p < 0.001). (B) The peak latency of gamma oscillation was significantly delayed in PKD as compared with the HC (for the first response, PKD: HC = 31.99 ± 1.59 ms: 28.26 ± 1.33 ms, p = 0.02; for the second response, PKD: HC = 535.04 ± 1.46 ms: 530.52 ± 1.43 ms, p = 0.002). (C) There was no group effect for the power of gamma. The power ratio of the second response to the first response was higher in PKD than in HC (PKD: HC = 0.72 ± 0.064: 0.51 ± 0.048, p = 0.013). ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.