Table 3.
Baseline substance use behaviours by site in HPTN 074 (n = 1154)
| Indonesian = 258 | Ukrainen = 457 | Vietnamn = 439 | Totaln = 1154 | p‐valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Hazardous alcohol useb | 24 (9.3) | 250 (54.7) | 116 (26.4) | 390 (33.8) | <0.01 |
| Non‐injection drug use, past three monthsc | |||||
| Marijuana | 107 (41.5) | 296 (64.8) | 4 (0.9) | 407 (35.3) | <0.01 |
| Stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamines) | 195 (75.6) | 130 (28.4) | 79 (18.0) | 404 (35.0) | |
| Opiates | 30 (11.6) | 21 (4.6) | 55 (12.5) | 106 (9.2) | |
| Benzodiazepine | 136 (52.7) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 138 (12.0) | |
| Methadone (illegally manufactured) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.3) | |
| Injection drug use, past three monthsc | |||||
| Amphetamines | 2 (0.8) | 163 (35.7) | 1 (0.2) | 166 (14.4) | <0.01 |
| Heroin | 211 (81.8) | 40 (8.8) | 437 (99.5) | 688 (59.6) | |
| Opium | 3 (1.2) | 58 (12.7) | 0 (0.0) | 61 (5.3) | |
| Buprenorphine | 97 (37.6) | 65 (14.2) | 0 (0.0) | 162 (14.0) | |
| Methadone (illegally manufactured) | 4 (1.6) | 385 (84.2) | 1 (0.2) | 390 (33.8) | |
| Home‐made opioids | 0 (0.0) | 346 (75.7) | 0 (0.0) | 346 (30.0) | |
| Shared rinse water, last injection | |||||
| Yes | 149 (57.8) | 88 (19.3) | 15 (3.4) | 252 (21.8) | <0.01 |
| No | 109 (42.2) | 369 (80.7) | 424 (96.6) | 902 (78.2) | |
| Shared cooker/container, last injectiond | |||||
| Yes | 149 (57.8) | 301 (65.9) | 116 (26.4) | 566 (49.0) | <0.01 |
| No | 109 (42.2) | 155 (33.9) | 323 (73.6) | 587 (50.9) | |
| Shared filter cotton, last injectiond | |||||
| Yes | 3 (1.2) | 254 (55.6) | 1 (0.2) | 258 (22.4) | <0.01 |
| No | 255 (98.8) | 202 (44.2) | 437 (99.5) | 894 (77.5) | |
| Used a new needle, last injection | |||||
| Yes | 208 (80.6) | 398 (87.1) | 393 (89.5) | 999 (86.6) | <0.01 |
| No | 50 (19.4) | 59 (12.9) | 46 (10.5) | 155 (13.4) | |
| Cleaned needle before injection, last injectiond | |||||
| Yes | 106 (41.1) | 52 (11.4) | 71 (16.2) | 229 (19.8) | <0.01 |
| No | 152 (58.9) | 403 (88.2) | 367 (83.6) | 992 (86.0) | |
| Used a pre‐filled syringe, last injection | |||||
| Yes | 140 (54.3) | 90 (19.7) | 26 (5.9) | 256 (22.2) | <0.01 |
| No | 118 (45.7) | 367 (80.3) | 413 (94.1) | 898 (77.8) | |
| Injected drugs that were frontloaded or backloaded into the syringe or needle, last injectiond | |||||
| Yes | 254 (98.4) | 372 (81.4) | 102 (23.2) | 728 (63.1) | <0.01 |
| No | 4 (1.6) | 84 (18.4) | 337 (76.8) | 425 (36.8) | |
| Number of people used drugs with, past three months | |||||
| 0 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.01 |
| 1 | 22 (8.5) | 17 (3.7) | 69 (15.7) | 108 (9.4) | |
| 2 to 4 | 170 (65.9) | 166 (36.3) | 321 (73.1) | 657 (56.9) | |
| ≥5 | 66 (25.6) | 274 (60.0) | 49 (11.2) | 389 (33.7) | |
| Ever participated in methadone maintenance or any other medication‐assisted treatment programme | |||||
| Yes | 138 (53.5) | 214 (46.8) | 99 (22.6) | 451 (39.1) | <0.01 |
| No | 120 (46.5) | 243 (53.2) | 340 (77.4) | 703 (60.9) | |
a
Pearson's chi‐square test was used to test association between each row variable and site; Fisher's exact test was used when any of the expected cell counts were less than 5 or when 0 counts were present.
b
Hazardous alcohol use was determined as an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Alcohol Consumption Questions (AUDIT‐C) score of ≥4 among males and ≥3 among females.
Participants may report more than one substance type.
Missing data due to not knowing or refused to answer: shared cooker/container, n = 1; shared filter cotton, n = 2; cleaned needle before injection, n = 3; injected drugs that were frontloaded or backloaded into the syringe or needle, n = 1.