Table 1.
Chromatin modifiers in Arabidopsis.
| Mutant | Module or complex | Direct targets | Histone mark change | Root phenotype | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HISTONE ACETYLATION | |||||
| gcn5/hag1 | GCN5-ADA2b, GANT family | [PLT] | n.d. | Shorter root; premature RAM | Kornet and Scheres, 2009 |
| n.d. | n.d. | Altered epidermal cell patterning | Chen W. Q. et al., 2016 | ||
| haf2 | TAFII250 family | n.d. | n.d. | Altered epidermal cell patterning | Chen W. Q. et al., 2016 |
| hdt1 hdt2 | HDT family | GA2ox2 | Reduced H3ac | Reduced RAM cell number | Li H. et al., 2017 |
| HISTONE DEACETYLATION | |||||
| hda18 | Class-II HDAC | Four kinase genes | increased H3ac or H4ac | Altered epidermal cell patterning | Xu et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2013 |
| hda6 | Class-I HDAC | ETC1, GL2 | increased H3ac and H4ac | Altered epidermal cell patterning | Li et al., 2015 |
| hda19 | Class-I HDAC | n.d. | n.d. | Altered epidermal cell patterning | Chen W. Q. et al., 2016 |
| ldl1/swp1 | LDL1-HDAC corepressor | LRP1 | Increased H3ac and H4ac | Longer root | Krichevsky et al., 2009 |
| HISTONE METHYLATION-RELATED | |||||
| clf | PRC2 | AGL42/17/21, PLT1/2, WOX5 | Reduced H3K27me3 | Larger RAM, longer root | Aichinger et al., 2011 |
| PIN1 | n.d. | Increased LR number | Gu et al., 2014 | ||
| emf2 | PRC2 | n.d. | n.d. | Longer root, increased LR number | Gu et al., 2014 |
| swn | PRC2 | n.d. | n.d. | Shorter root | de Lucas et al., 2016 |
| clf swn | PRC2 | WIND3, LEC2 | Loss of H3K27me3 | Somatic embryo from single root hair, pkl-type root | Ikeuchi et al., 2015 |
| fie | PRC2 | WIND3, LEC2 | Loss of H3K27me3 | Somatic embryo from single root hair, pkl-type root | Bouyer et al., 2011; Ikeuchi et al., 2015 |
| n.d. | n.d. | Reduced RAM, larger stele (Knockdown) | de Lucas et al., 2016 | ||
| emf2 vrn2 | PRC2 | WIND3, LEC2 | Loss of H3K27me3 | Somatic embryo from single root hair; pkl-type root | Ikeuchi et al., 2015 |
| msi1 | PRC2 | n.d. | n.d. | Shorter root | de Lucas et al., 2016 |
| sdg2 | TrxG, H3K4me3 writer | n.d. | Reduced H3K4me3 | Shorter root, reduced LR number | Yao et al., 2013 |
| atx1 | TrxG, H3K4me3 writer | n.d. | n.d. | Shorter root | Napsucialy-Mendivil et al., 2014 |
| ashr3 | H3K36me1 writer | n.d. | reduced H3K36me1 | Shorter root | Kumpf et al., 2014 |
| HISTONE MONOUBIQUITINATION | |||||
| atring1a 1b | PRC1, H2Aub1 writer | [Seed maturation genes] | n.d. | pkl-type root | Chen et al., 2010 |
| atbmi1a 1b (1c) | PRC1, H2Aub1 writer | LEC1, FUS3, ABI3, BBM | Loss of H2Aub1, reduced H3K27me3 | pkl-type root | Yang et al., 2013 |
| HISTONE MODIFICATION READER | |||||
| lhp1 | PcG, H3K27me3 reader | MGP | n.d. | Premature middle cortex formation | Cui and Benfey, 2009 |
| val1 val2 | H3K4me3/H3K27me3 reader | LEC1, FUS3, ABI3, BBM | Reduced H2Aub1 and H3K27me3 | pkl-type root | Yang et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2018 |
| al6 | H3K4me3 reader | [ETC1, NPC4, SQD2, PS2] | n.d. | Very short root hair under Pi starvation | Chandrika et al., 2013a,b |
| row1 | H3K4me3 reader | WOX5 | n.d. | Extremely short root, loss of gravitropic response | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| CHROMATIN REMODELING | |||||
| pkl/ssl2 | CHD3 family, TrxG | AGL42/17/21, PLT1/2, WOX5 | Increased H3K27me3 | Shorter root | Aichinger et al., 2011 |
| pkl (pkr2) | CHD3 faimly, TrxG | EMF2, SWN | Reduced H3K27me3 | pkl-type root | Aichinger et al., 2009 |
| brm | SWI/SNF family, TrxG | PIN1~4, PIN7 | Reduced H3K27me3 | Shorter root, decreased RAM size, increased LR number | Yang et al., 2015 |
| baf60 | SWI/SNF complex subunit | IPT3, IPT7, KRP7 | Decreased H3K27me3, increased H3K4me3 | Short root, reduced LR number | Jegu et al., 2015 |
| chr12 chr23 | SWI/SNF family | WOX5 | n.d. | No RAM initiation (strong), much short root (weak) | Sang et al., 2012 |
[]Putative targets lacking evidence of direct binding. n.d., not detected.