Table 2.

Rates of mortality stratified by type of procedure.

Procedure	N	No. of Deaths	Mortality	Multivariate
Simple fusion	304 970	320	0.10%	0.39 (0.33–0.45)
Anterior	103 263	121	0.12%	0.62 (0.51–0.76)
Posterior	198 727	198	0.10%	0.48 (0.41–0.57)
Complex fusion (3+ levels or combined approach)	104 784	336	0.32%	1.77 (1.53–2.05)
Anterior	13 515	46	0.34%	1.23 (0.91–1.67)
Posterior	44 619	180	0.40%	1.64 (1.38–1.95)
Combined	45 924	106	0.23%	1.47 (1.20–1.81)
Decompression only	364 494	297	0.08%	1.31 (1.14–1.50)
Interbody device	244 327	286	0.12%	0.69 (0.60–0.80)
Bone morphogenetic protein	148 022	180	0.12%	0.70 (0.59–0.83)