Table 3.
Overview of the studies included in the systematic review on factors affecting choice and adherence to active surveillance in men with low-risk prostate cancer.
| # | Author | Year | Reference | Design | N or Response rate (%) |
Country | Study population/ setting |
Data collection method (instrument) |
Study period |
Age (mean) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Davison, et al | 2012 | [32] | Cross-sectional survey to AS patients | 180/258 (70%) | Canada | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (Likert scale) |
2009–2011 | 67 |
| 2 | Goh, et al | 2012 | [50] | Cross-sectional survey to AS patients | 34/34 (100%) | USA | Research/Support Group | Survey/Interviews | May-August 2011 | 63 |
| 3 | Orom, et al | 2014 | [51] | Cross-sectional survey to AS patients | 120/126 (79%) | USA | Clinical/Hospital | Survey | 2010–2012 | 65 |
| 4 | Xu, et al | 2016 | [27] | Cross-sectional survey to patients with localized PC | 260/559 (68%) | USA | Population Database | Survey | 2009–2010 | 61 |
| 5 | Orom, et al | 2017 | [33] | Prospective survey of patients undergoing AS/RP/RT | 1,531/3,337 (46%) | USA | Database/ Hospital |
Survey (Distress thermometer - 11 point analogue scale) |
2010–2014 | Unknown |
| 6 | Anandadas, et al | 2011 | [25] | Prospective survey to AS patients | 768/768 (100%) | UK | Clinical/Hospital | Survey (RAND-36 Item – SF-36 v.2, UCLA-PCI, study-specific survey) |
2000–2006 | 65 |
| 7 | Gorin, et al | 2011 | [41] | Prospective survey to AS patients | 105/185 (57%) | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey | Unknown | 66 |
| 8 | Loeb, et al | 2016 | [52] | Qualitative interviews with PC clinicians | 24 | USA | Hospital/ Community |
Interviews (thematically analysed) |
July to Dec 2015 | N/A |
| 9 | Volk, et al | 2014 | [40] | Qualitative interviews with AS patients and RP/RT patients | 30/36 (83%) | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Interviews (thematically analysed) |
2011 | 63 |
| 10 | Xu, et al | 2012 | [45] | Qualitative interviews with patients with LRPC | 21 | USA | Research/ Clinical community |
Interviews (thematically analysed) |
Unknown | 58 |
| 11 | O’Callaghan, et al | 2014 | [46] | Qualitative interviews with patients with LRPCand their partners | 21 men and 14 partners | Australia | Clinical/ Hospital and community |
Interviews (thematically analysed and inter-rated) | 2012–2013 | Range 61–70 |
| 12 | Aizer, et al | 2012 | [22] | Retrospective cohort/registry study | 701 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Database | Unknown | 62 |
| 13 | Loeb, et al | 2013 | [24] | Retrospective cohort/registry study | 57,713 | Sweden | Population database. | Database | 1998–2011 | 65 |
| 14 | Filson, et al | 2014 | [37] | Retrospective cohort/registry study | 7,347 | USA | Population database | Database | 2004–2007 | 66+ |
| 15 | Hoffman, et al | 2014 | [34] | Retrospective cohort/registry study | 12,068 | USA | Population database. | Database | 2006–2009 | 66 |
| 16 | Liu, et al | 2015 | [26] | Retrospective cohort/registry study | 609 | USA | Population database. Hospital and community | Database | 2012–2013 | 65 |
| 17 | Maurice, et al | 2015 | [35] | Retrospective cohort/registry study | 189,768 | USA | Population database | Database | 2010–2011 | Unknown |
| 18 | Womble, et al | 2015 | [23] | Retrospective cohort/registry study | 682 | USA | Population database. Hospital and community | Database | 2012–2013 | 63 |
| 19 | Loeb, et al | 2016 | [11] | Retrospective cohort/registry study | 32,518 | Sweden | Population database. | Database | 2009–2014 | 67 |
| 20 | Mishra, et al | 2013 | [47] | Content analysis of patient’s internet conversations | 464 | USA | Internet conversations | Qualitative software – (Sentiment index) | 2002–2012 | Unknown |
| 21 | Ehdaie, et al | 2017 | [44] | Prospective counselling intervention to physicians | 5 surgeons; 1,003 patients | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Database and Survey | 2014–2015 | 60 |
| 22 | Venderbos, et al | 2015 | [82] | Retrospective survey comparing anxiety and distress at 0, 9 and 18 months on AS | 150 (86%, 90%, 96% at 0, 9 and 18 months) | Netherlands | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (CES-D Scale, MAX-PC, STAI-6, DCS) |
2007–2008 | Unknown |
| 23 | Venderbos, et al | 2017 | [67] | Retrospective survey comparing HRQoL in treatment groups: AS, RP, RT to matched patients | 879 (65–75%) |
Europe | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (EPIC, SF-12, STAI-6, EQ-VAS) |
2015 | 65 (AS), 66 (RT), 70 (RP) |
| 24 | Loeb, et al | 2015 | [29] | Retrospective cohort/registry study | 11,726 | Sweden | Population database | Database | 2003–2007 | 64 |
| 25 | Lang, et al | 2017 | [31] | Prospective survey to AS patients | 531 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey | 2011–2012 | Unknown |
| 26 | Hamdy, et al | 2016 | [30] | Prospective cohort/registry study | 1643 | UK | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey/Database | 1999–2009 | 61 |
| 27 | Kendel, et al | 2016 | [79] | Prospective survey study – men on AS and RP | 316 | Germany | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey | 2008–2013 | 67 |
| 28 | Vasarainen, et | 2012 | [65] | Prospective cohort/registry study. HRQoL + drop-out |
75,124 | Helsinki | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (RAND-36, IIEF-5, IPSS) |
2006–2010 | 64 |
| 29 | Bellardita, et al | 2013 | [60] | Prospective cohort/registry study. HRQoL and database AS adjustment analysis | 103 | Italy | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey/ Database (Mental health - symptom checklist-90, HRQoL – Prostate version) |
2007–2012 | 67 |
| 30 | Vanagas, et al | 2013 | [66] | Prospective survey study. HRQoL, anxiety and depression amongst AS, RP, RT, Chemo and HT |
61/650 | Lithuania | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (EORTC, QLQ-C30) |
2010–2011 | >64 |
| 31 | Hegarty, et al | 2008 | [61] | Retrospective survey of men on AS – to assess differences in HRQoL and anxiety and depression in men in the US and Ireland | 29 | USA and Ireland | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (MUIS-C, UCLA-PCI, QLI) |
Unknown | 76 |
| 32 | Smith, et al | 2009 | [70] | Retrospective cohort registry survey assessing AS HRQoL and cancer related data 3 years into an AS pathway | 200/1647 | Australia | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey/ Database (SF-12, IPSS) |
2000–2002 | 63 |
| 33 | Parker, et al | 2016 | [63] | Prospective cohort survey assessing HRQoL and anxiety in AS | 180 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (EPIC, SF-12) |
2006–2012 | 67 |
| 34 | Punnen, et al | 2013 | [14] | Prospective cohort survey, assessing differences between RP and AS (at 1 and 3 years) in respect to HRQol, anxiety and depression. | 122/679 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (PHQ-9, GAD-7) |
2007–2010 | 60 |
| 35 | Lane, et al | 2016 | [75] | Prospective cohort survey study, assessing HRQoL in AS, RP, RT | 1438 | UK | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey | 1999–2009 | 61 |
| 36 | van den Bergh, et al | 2010 | [71] | Prospective cohort survey study (PRIAS) assessing progression, HRQol, anxiety and depression and patient factors between men on AS, RP and RT. | 129/150 | Netherlands | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (CES-D. STAI, SF-12) |
2007–2008 | 65 |
| 37 | Xu, et al | 2011 | [81] | Qualitative interviews with patients with LRPC | 7 black men, 14 white men | USA | Clincal/ Hospital | Qualitative interview (thematically analysed) |
Unknown | Unknown |
| 38 | Xu, et al | 2016 | [78] | Retrospective cross-sectional survey | 266/391 (68%) | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey | 2009–2010 | 75 |
| 39 | Wilcox, et al | 2014 | [62] | Prospective survey of men on AS – assessing HRQoL and anxiety and depression | 47/61 | Australia | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (IIEF-5, IPSS, MAX-PC, UAS) |
2013 | 62 |
| 40 | Burnet, et al | 2007 | [72] | Prospective survey study assessing anxiety and depression in men on AS | 100/329 | UK | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (HADS) |
Unknown | 67 |
| 41 | Davison, et al | 2011 | [73] | Retrospective survey study to assess the support and information men require to sustain them while on AS. | 25 | Canada | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (The control preferences scale) |
2009–2010 | 64 |
| 42 | Anderson, et al | 2014 | [74] | Prospective cohort survey study to assess anxieties in men AS and determine which of these anxieties predicted health-related quality of life (HRQL) | 86 | Australia | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (HADS MAX-PC, FACT-P, STAI) |
Unknown | 66 |
| 43 | Oliffe, et al | 2009 | [59] | A prospective survey study to describe the range of men’s self-management strategies used to overcome AS-related uncertainty | 25 | Canada | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey | Unknown | Unknown |
| 44 | Berger, et al | 2014 | [85] | Retrospective interview study to generate hypotheses about the factors that influence patients’ decisions to leave AS. | 14/1159 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Qualitative interviews (thematically analysed) |
2010–2013 | Unknown |
| 45 | Seiler, et al | 2012 | [86] | Prospective cross-sectional survey study, to assess differences in anxiety and depression amongst couples | 133 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey | Feb 2010 – August 2010 | 66 |
| 46 | Kinsella, et al | 2015 | [88] | Prospective education intervention to men on AS | 117/244 | UK | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey/ Database |
2011–2012 | 63 |
| 47 | Bokhorst, et al | 2015 | [93] | Retrospective registry study to determine the number of non-compliers with the follow-up protocol of the (PRIAS) study | 4547 | Netherlands | Population database | Database/ Registry |
Unknown | 66 |
| 48 | Wade, et al | 2015 | [48] | A prospective cohort survey study assessing nurse-led AS clinics for accessibility, flexibility and level of support | 85 | UK | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey and interviews (thematically analysed) |
2006–2008 | 64 |
| 49 | Weerakoon, et al | 2015 | [12] | Retrospective registry study | 1603 | Australia | Population | Registry | 2008–2012 | 66 |
| 50 | Kazer, et al | 2011 | [55] | Focus group analysis of the needs of men on AS | 7 | USA | Research | Focus group | 2009–2010 | 70 |
| 51 | Wade, et al | 2013 | [49] | Prospective/Retrospective survey study | 1144 (88–95%) at 7 and 35 days post biopsy | UK | Clinical/ Research |
Survey HRQoL, HADS. |
2006–2008 | 62 |
| 52 | Wade, et al | 2015 | [89] | In-depth semi-structured interviews at 10 and 18 weeks post biopsy | 85 | UK | Clinical/ Research | Interviews (thematically analysed) |
2006–2008 | 64 |
| 53 | Latini, et al | 2007 | [80] | Retrospective survey study | 105 | USA | Registry/ Database |
Survey 5-item fear of cancer re-occurrence questionnaire |
1997–2002 | 75 |
| 54 | Jeldres, et al | 2015 | [64] | A prospective cohort survey using validated HRQoL questionnaires |
305 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (EPIC, RAND Medical outcomes short form, SF-36) |
2007 | 65 (AS), 58 (RP) |
| 55 | Donovan, et al | 2016 | [68] | A prospective cohort survey using validated questionnaires to assess PROMs - HRQoL to compare men choosing surgery versus radiotherapy versus active monitoring. | 545/1643 | UK | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey (EPIC, SF-12, HADS, EORTC QLQ-C3021, ICQ-16, ICSmaleSF) |
1999–2009 | 61 |
| 56 | Parikh, et al | 2017 | [36] | Retrospective cohort/registry study using the National Cancer Database to determine patterns of AS uptake | 40,839 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Registry | 2010–2013 | 61 (CI) 63 (AS) |
| 57 | Loeb, et al | 2017 | [83] | A qualitative study with patient focus groups and semi-structured interviews with providers, to understand the informational needs of men on AS and influences on provider decision making. | 61 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
7 focus groups and 24 semi-structured interviews | July 2015-March 2016 | Unknown |
| 58 | Bokhorst, et al | 2016 | [92] | A retrospective cohort review of hospital charts to assess the impact of biopsy complications on re-biopsy | 1164 | Worldwide | Clinical/ Hospital |
Review of hospital charts | Unknown | Unknown |
| 59 | Le, et al | 2017 | [43] | In-depth close-ended questions and semi-structured telephone interviews, to assess decision making processes by men and their partners in respect to AS and CI | 30 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Interviews | May-August 2011 | Range 49–72 |
| 60 | Scherr, et al | 2017 | [53] | A retrospective review of hospital charts, and structured interview questions and prospective likeart scale survey and HRQOL validated tools. | 92/211 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Review of hospital charts, structured interview, Survey (MAX-PC) |
2008–2012 | 63 |
| 61 | Taylor, et al | 2016 | [28] | A prospective longitudinal cohort study of telephone interviews pre-treatment to assess influences on treatment decision preferences | 1140 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital | Interviews | 2012–2014 | 61.5 |
| 62 | Mader, et al | 2017 | [42] | Retrospective patient semi-structured interviews assessing choice factors in AS | 15 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital | Interviews | Unknown | 65 |
| 63 | Lyons, et al | 2017 | [56] | A retrospective interview study on cognitive and affective processing involved in treatment decision making with patients and clinicians | 18 (providers) and 19 (patients) | USA | Clinical/ Hospital | Interviews | Unknown | 65 |
| 64 | Chen, et al | 2017 | [69] | A prospective cohort survey using a validated questionnaire to assess HRQoL. | 314/1141 | USA | Clinical/ Hospital |
Survey - Prostate cancer symptom indicies |
2011–2013 | 67 |