Table 3.
One-way ANOVA between the Middle-Old group and the Young and the Old-Old groups on different tasks.
| Group mean (SD) | Young | vs. | Middle-Old | vs. | Old-Old | vs. Young |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DS forward (score) | 5.38 (1.12) | 4.86 (1.01) | 4.65 (0.81) | ∗ | ||
| DS backward (score) | 3.76 (1.09) | ∗ | 3.14 (0.79) | 3 (0.73) | ∗ | |
| TMT A (sec) | 27.67 (6.83) | ∗∗ | 49.57 (27.73) | ∗∗ | 70.20 (27.86) | ∗∗∗ |
| TMT B/A (sec) | 2.14 (0.49) | 2.18 (0.74) | 3.05 (1.98) | ∗ | ||
| VF phonemic (score) | 40.62 (10.95) | 37.10 (13.03) | 36.30 (11) | |||
| VF semantic (score) | 20.76 (6.39) | 19.10 (6.35) | ∗∗ | 13.80 (4.75) | ∗∗∗ | |
| WS 4 (score) | 7.90 (0.64) | 7.52 (1.08) | 7.10 (1.68) | |||
| WS 5 (score) | 9.57 (1.57) | 8.52 (2.02) | ∗∗ | 6.70 (2.15) | ∗∗∗ | |
| WS 7 (score) | 9.43 (2.75) | ∗ | 7.24 (3.45) | 6.15 (3.10) | ∗∗ |
Significant differences obtained between the Middle-Old group and the other two groups are reported under the ‘vs.’ columns. t-test ∗p ≤ 0.05; ∗∗p ≤ 0.01; ∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001. TMT, trail making test; DS, digit span; VF, verbal fluency; WS, word span.