Table 1.

Participant characteristics.

Characteristic	Dyslexia (n = 46)			Typical development (n = 46)			t(45)	p	d z
	M	SD	Range	M	SD	Range
Age in months	93.07	5.8	85–107	90.74	4.5	84–106	2.02	.050*	0.211
Nonverbal IQ a	109.43	12.8	84–141	109.52	12.9	84–141	−0.03	.987	−0.003
Oral language b	102.07	8.9	88–126	106.61	8.6	93–124	−2.67	.011*	−0.278
Word reading c	80.87	5.7	65–88	106.74	7.8	96–124	−17.39	< .001**	−1.813

Note. Effect size is Cohen's d _z, which accounts for correlation between variables in the matched group design (Lakens, 2013).

^a Nonverbal IQ or intelligence is a standard index score from the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children–Second Edition (Kaufman & Kaufman, 2004).

^b Oral language is a standard score from the core language index on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fourth Edition (Semel et al., 2003).

^c Word reading is a standard score from the Test of Word Reading Efficiency–Second Edition (Torgesen et al., 2012).

^* p < .05,

^** p < .001.