Table 1.

Participant demographics.

Demographic variable	Deaf native signers, n = 45	Oral CI users, n = 26	Hearing controls, n = 45	F/χ2	p
Age				0.66	.52
Mean, in years;months	8;02	8;09	8;04
(SD)	(2;03)	(2;04)	(1;10)
Range	5;01–12;10	5;06–12;10	5;06–12;11
Sex (female:male:other)	28:17:0	12:14:0	24:21:0	1.8	.40
Race					.34
White	23	23	26
Black	2	0	0
Native American	0	0	2
Asian	0	0	1
Multiple	4	2	3
Other	0	0	2
No response	15	1	11
Ethnicity					.99
Hispanic	3	2	3
Non-Hispanic	23	21	30
Other	1	0	1
No response	18	3	11
Hearing status	Severe or profound congenital deafness	Severe or profound congenital deafness	No known hearing impairment	n/a	n/a
Language experience	Exposure to sign language at home from birth and at school; variable speech emphasis at home and school	Little accessible language input prior to cochlear implant; listening and spoken language emphasis at home and school	Exposure to spoken language from birth	n/a	n/a
Age of CI	n/a		n/a	n/a	n/a
Mean, in years;months		1;08
(SD)		(0;08)
Median		13
Range		0;08–2;11
Primary caregiver education level a	I: 1	I: 0	I: 0	6.2	.80
	II: 2	II: 1	II: 1
	III: 7	III: 3	III: 8
	IV: 9	IV: 6	IV: 9
	V: 24	V: 12	V: 25
	VI: 2	VI: 4	VI: 2
Caregiver completing BRIEF	Mother: 35	Mother: 20	Mother: 30	4.1	.40
	Father: 4	Father: 5	Father: 5
	Other: 1	Other: 0	Other: 2

Note. CI = cochlear implant; BRIEF = Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function.

^a Education: I = less than high school, II = high school or General Education Development (GED), III = some college or associate's degree, IV = bachelor's degree, V = graduate training or advanced degree, VI = not reported.