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. 2017 Oct 13;10(1):5. doi: 10.1007/s40820-017-0159-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 1 — a Single PN junction model for PSCs and b new double PN junction model improved for planar perovskite solar cells with J _L (the light induced current), J _D (the dark current or the forward current of PN junction diode under the sunlight), R _s (the series resistance), R _sh (shunt resistance, a fictional parameter to represent the size of leakage current), J (output current of the cell) and V (voltage flowing through the external load). c Planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells with TiO₂/CH₃NH₃PbI_3-xCl_x/Sprio-OMeTAD/Au device architecture. (Color figure online)