Table 1.
Comparison of the critical parameters of Li with other important metal ions that are used in emerging metal ion rechargeable electrochemical storage devices. These parameters play an important role in determining the choice of raw material
| Important parameters | Li+ | Na+ | K+ | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ionic structure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ionic (Shannon) radii (Å) | 0.76 | 1.02 | 1.38 | 0.72 | 1.00 | [4] |
| Relative atomic mass | 6.94 | 23.00 | 39.10 | 24.31 | 40.07 | [5] |
| Abundance in earth crust (wt%) | 0.0017 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 3.4 | [5, 9] |
| Atomic density (g cm−3) | 0.534 | 0.968 | 0.89 | 1.738 | 1.55 | * |
| E0 versus SHE (V) | − 3.04 | − 2.71 | − 2.93 | − 2.70 | − 3.80 | [5] |
| Theoretical capacity | ||||||
| (mAh g−1) | 3861 | 1166 | 685 | 2205 | 1340 | [5, 9] |
| (mAh cm−3) | 1378 | 1193 | 1059 | 1085 | 987 | [5] |
| Cost of industrial grade metal (US$/ton) | 130,000 | 3200 | 14,000 | 2300 | 3300 | ** |
*J.A. Dean (ed), Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 3; Table 3.2 Physical constants of inorganic compounds