Table 2.

The association of eating habits with HbA1c and BMI (primary analysis set)

Question	Answer	N	HbA1c (%)			BMI (kg/m2)
			LS mean ± SE	Difference in LS mean [95% CI]	P-value	LS mean ± SE	Difference in LS mean [95% CI]	P-value
Eating supper within	No	20,258	7.65±0.04			27.79±0.14
2 hours of bedtime	Yes	11,464	7.76±0.04	0.10 [0.07, 0.13]	<0.001	28.21±0.14	0.42 [0.32, 0.52]	<0.001
Skipping breakfast	No	27,473	7.67±0.04			27.91±0.14
	Yes	4,249	7.89±0.05	0.22 [0.18, 0.26]	<0.001	28.37±0.15	0.46 [0.32, 0.60]	<0.001
Eating snacks after supper	No	27,128	7.67±0.04			27.85±0.14
	Yes	4,594	7.80±0.05	0.13 [0.09, 0.17]	<0.001	28.41±0.15	0.56 [0.42, 0.69]	<0.001
Fast eatinga	No	19,775	7.70±0.04			27.60±0.14
	Yes	11,947	7.68±0.04	–0.02 [–0.05, 0.01]	0.139	28.56±0.14	0.95 [0.86, 1.05]	<0.001
Fast eatingb	No	17,250	7.68±0.04			27.58±0.14
	Yes	11,947	7.67±0.05	–0.02 [–0.05, 0.01]	0.266	28.50±0.15	0.91 [0.81, 1.01]	<0.001

Notes:

^aNo = Normal + Slow; Yes = Fast;

^bNo = Normal; Yes = Fast. LS mean was calculated by analysis of covariance (factor: answer [No or Yes]; covariate: sex, age, exercise habits, sleep, alcohol consumption, and diabetes treatment history).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LS, least squares; SE, standard error; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.