Table 4.
The association between single/multiple poor eating habits and HbA1c and BMI
| Poor eating habits
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0a | Singleb | Multiplec | ||
| N | 16,325 | 11,093 | 4,304 | |
| Age (years) | Mean ± SD | 56.3±8.2 | 53.6±7.8 | 51.5±7.6 |
| <65 years, % | 86.5 | 93.8 | 96.6 | |
| Exercise habits, n (%) | No | 11,567 (70.9) | 8,645 (77.9) | 3,555 (82.6) |
| Yes | 4,743 (29.1) | 2,438 (22.0) | 747 (17.4) | |
| Unidentified/unlisted | 15 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 2 (0.0) | |
| Smoking habit, n (%) | No | 11,084 (67.9) | 6,750 (60.8) | 2,297 (53.4) |
| Yes | 5,235 (32.1) | 4,337 (39.1) | 2,005 (46.6) | |
| Unidentified/unlisted | 6 (0.0) | 6 (0.1) | 2 (0.0) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | Daily | 4,215 (25.8) | 3,507 (31.6) | 1,154 (26.8) |
| Sometimes | 5,254 (32.2) | 3,327 (30.0) | 1,327 (30.8) | |
| Rarely | 6,748 (41.3) | 4,169 (37.6) | 1,806 (42.0) | |
| Unidentified/unlisted | 108 (0.7) | 90 (0.8) | 17 (0.4) | |
| Adequate sleep, n (%) | No | 5,479 (33.6) | 4,941 (44.5) | 2,249 (52.3) |
| Yes | 10,668 (65.3) | 5,959 (53.7) | 1,926 (44.7) | |
| Unidentified/unlisted | 178 (1.1) | 193 (1.7) | 129 (3.0) | |
| HbA1c (%) | Mean ± SD | 7.17±1.26 | 7.31±1.35 | 7.55±1.53 |
| Percentage of workers, % [95% CI] | <7.0% | 53.1 [52.3, 53.8] | 48.2 [47.3, 49.2] | 42.1 [40.6, 43.5] |
| ≥7.0% | 46.9 [46.2, 47.7] | 51.8 [50.8, 52.7] | 57.9 [56.5, 59.4] | |
| P-value | Fisher’s exact test | – | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Mean ± SD | 25.71±4.44 | 26.70±4.59 | 27.46±4.75 |
| Percentage of workers, % [95% CI] | <25 kg/m2 | 48.9 [48.2, 49.7] | 38.6 [37.7, 39.5] | 32.2 [30.8, 33.6] |
| ≥25 kg/m2 | 51.1 [50.3, 51.8] | 61.4 [60.5, 62.3] | 67.8 [66.4, 69.2] | |
| P-value | Fisher’s exact test | – | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Note:
a
Answered “No” to all questions;
b
Answered “Yes” to one of the three questions;
c
Answered “Yes” to two or three questions.
Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.