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. 2018 Oct 23;8:15660. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33995-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fecal microbiota diversity in vaginally-delivered infants, 10 delivered at home and 10 in the hospital. (A) Fecal β-diversity. Unweighted UniFrac distances were used to evaluate β-diversity. PERMANOVA was used to test dissimilarity. (B) Rarefaction curves. Phylogenetic diversity (PD) was used to plot bacterial diversity. Non-parametric p value was calculated using 10,000 Monte Carlo permutations. (C) Fecal α-diversity stratified by days after birth. (D) Taxa plots. All babies were breastfed and were not exposed to antibiotics.