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. 2018 Oct 23;8:15660. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33995-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Human colonic epithelial HT-29 cells gene expression following exposure to sterile fecal water generated from 1 month old infant feces delivered in a home (n = 10) or hospital environment (n = 9). (A) Gene expression of a subset of epithelial markers differs by home or hospital birth. Mean ± SEM are shown. (B) Unsupervised heatmap plot of four epithelial genes indicates significant differences in epithelial gene expression following stimulation by the products of the gut microbiome of 1 month old infants who were delivered in a home or hospital environment.