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. 2018 Oct 23;8:15650. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34040-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a,b) A helical sperm trajectory from an X-sorted (enclosed in pink) and Y-sorted (enclosed in blue) sperm, respectively. (c) The local coordinate system used to analyze the true 3D kinematic of the flagellar beating from the perspective of an observer sitting on and traveling with the sperm head. The thicker side of the sperm head corresponds to the x’-axis, the thinner side corresponds to the y’-axis and the $\vec{ω}$ -axis extends from the head-flagellum junction towards the tip of the head. (d,e) The frequency domain analysis of the motion of a flagellar node ~40 µm away from the head-flagellum junction (in arc-length) for the helical trajectories shown in (a,b) respectively. The dominant beating frequency was observed to be ~24 Hz for the X-chromosome bearing sperm and ~26 Hz for the Y-chromosome bearing sperm with similar amplitudes. (f,g) The peak beating amplitude and frequency was observed to be similar for both sperm populations.