Table 1.

Phenotypes of cells or organisms lacking ATG5 in different species.

Species	ATG5-absent cell/organ	Phenotype
L. major	Whole	Reduced flagellum, reduced virulence (18)
Mouse	Whole	Neonatal death (19, 20); more susceptible to liver fibrosis (21)
	B lymphocyte	Significant defect in B cell development at the pro- to pre-B cell transition (22); decreased antigen secretion (23); increased cell death (24)
	T lymphocyte	Increased CD8+ T cell death; decreased CD4/8+ T cell proliferation (25)
	Dendritic cell	Defect in processing and presentation of phagocytosed antigens (26)
	Macrophage	Increased plaques in artery wall (27); impaired restriction of pathogen L. Major (28)
	Embryo fibroblast	Higher level of apoptosis (29); higher migrating activity (30)
	Neuron	Progressive deficits in motor function and degeneration of some neural cells (31)
	Purkinje cell	Degenerate early and axonal swelling (32)
	Liver	Decreased survival in sepsis (33); higher hepatocyte proliferation (34)
	Lung	Alveolar epithelial cells are unable to mobilize internal glycogen stores independently of surfactant maturation (35)
	Renal proximal tubule cell	Accelerated cell death (36); G2/M arrest (37); decreased renal function (38, 39)
	Renal podocyte	Glomerular filter barrier damage, accelerated glomerulosclerosis (40)
Human	Adult-generated neuron	Reduced survival, delay in cell maturation (41)
	Cardiac myocyte	Increased ischemia/reperfusion cell injury (42)
	Fibroblast	Greater migration ability (43)