Figure 4. Effects of fermented lingonberry juice (FLJ) and curcumin on the invasiveness of HSC-3 cells after 96 h of exposure. The three-dimensionaltumour spheroid invasion assay was used to study the effects of FLJ (A), curcumin (B) and curcumin-loaded extracellular vesicles (C) on oraltongue squamous cell carcinoma invasion. Phosphate-buffered solution was used as control. Invasion was measured using the ImageJ software. Allexperiments were repeated independently three times and each in triplicate, except for FLJ, which was performed twice in triplicate. Results arethe means±standard error. Statistical significance was determined by calculating the area under the curve of the invading cancer cells over time,and using one-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test. Significantly different at ***p≤0.001 and ****p≤0.0001.