Table 1.
Characterization of inhaled chemicals including nanomaterials
| Samples | Toxicity | Exposure route | Characterization | Animal (rats) | Negative control | Dose / Concentration | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NiO | High | IT / IH | Size 19 nm, BET 57 m2/g Secondary particle diameter (DLS)59.7 nm | Male Fischer344 | Distilled water/Clean air | 0.2 mg, 1.0 mg/0.32 ± 0.07 mg/m3, 1.65 ± 0.20 mg/m3 | Morimoto et al [18] Oyabu et al [19] |
| CeO2 | High | IT / IH | Size 7.8 nm, BET 101 m2/g Secondary particle diameter (DLS)10.0 nm | Male Fischer344 | Distilled water/Clean air | 0.2 mg, 1.0 mg/2.09 ± 0.29 mg/m3, 10.2 ± 1.38 mg/m3 | Morimoto et al [20] |
| SWCNT | High | IT | Diameter 1.8 nm BET 878 m2/g | Male Wistar | Distilled water +0.1% Triton X-100 | 0.2 mg, 0.4 mg | Morimoto et al [24] |
| MWCNT (S) | High | IT | Diameter 48 nm Length 0.94 μm | Male Wistar | Distilled water +0.05% Triton X-100 | 0.2 mg, 1.0 mg | Lee et al [22] |
| MWCNT (L) | High | IT | Diameter 48 nm Length 3.4 μm | Male Wistar | Distilled water +0.05% Triton X-100 | 0.2 mg, 0.6 mg | Lee et al [22] |
| TiO2(P90) | Low | IT | Size 14 nm, BET 104 m2/g Secondary particle diameter (DLS)22.7 nm | Female Wistar | Distilled water | 0.2 mg, 1.0 mg | Yoshiura et al [17] |
| TiO2(Rutile) | Low | IT / IH | Size 12 nm × 55 nm, BET 111 m2/g Secondary particle diameter (DLS)44.9 nm | Male Fischer344 | Distilled water/Clean air | 0.2 mg, 1.0 mg/0.50 ± 0.26 mg/m3, 1.84 ± 0.74 mg/m3 | Morimoto et al [18] Oyabu et al [19] |
| ZnO | Low | IT / IH | Size 35 nm, BET 31 m2/g Secondary particle diameter (DLS)33 nm | Male Fischer344 | Distilled water/Clean air | 0.2 mg, 1.0 mg/2.11 ± 0.45 mg/m3, 10.4 ± 1.39 mg/m3 | Morimoto et al [21] |
| Toner | Low | IT | Size 4.05 μm, BET 2–3 m2/g Including nanoparticles as external additives(Titanium dioxide and amorphous silica) | Female Wistar | Distilled water +0.1% Tween-80 | 1.0 mg | Morimoto et al [25] |
IT intratracheal instillation, IH inhalation exposure