Table 3.

Summary of interventions in eligible studies.

Author	Non-technical skill	Length of Intervention	Simulated Patient (SP) used	Sample size (Medical students)	Year groups
					Pre-clinical (1–2)	Clinical (3–6)
Aboumatar et al. [44]	Communication skills Teamwork skills	Short	No	120	✓
Alroy et al. [79]	Interpersonal skills	Short	No	n/a		✓
Ayuob et al. [84]	Communication skills	Short	No	293		✓
Betson et al. [85]	Breaking bad news	Short	No	160		✓
Blatt & Greenberg [36]	Teaching skills	Short	No	103		✓
	Communication skills
	Feedback-giving skills
Bonnaud-Antignac et al. [72]	Breaking bad news	Long	Yes	108		✓
Braniff et al. [51]	Communication skills	Long	No	240		✓
	Teaching skills
	Understanding the work environment
	Teamwork skills
	Learning skills
Buczacki et al. [52]	Interprofessional collaboration	Short	No	331		✓
Cämmerer et al. [70]	Communication skills	Long	Yes	84	✓
Carpenter [56]	Interprofessional collaboration	Short	No	23		✓
Carter et al. [31]	Cross-cultural training	Short	No	196		✓
Chun & Lee [86]	Debating skills	Long	No	45	✓
Dixon-Woods et al. [60]	Communication skills	Long	No	173	✓
Doherty et al. [65]	Communication skills	Short	Yes	127		✓
Efstathiou & Walker [57]	Communication skills	Short	No	14		✓
Engerer et al. [69]	Communication skills	Short	Yes	34		✓
Engler et al. [43]	Communication skills	Long	No	46	✓
Erickson et al. [26]	Communication skills	Short	Yes	118		✓
	Teamwork skills
Fadlon & Pessah [87]	Interviewing skills	Long	No	56	✓
	Empathy skills
	Communication skills
Fernández-Olano et al. [62]	Empathy skills	Short	No	137	✓
Fletcher et al. [58]	Emotional Intelligence	Long	No	86		✓
Forsgren et al. [61]	Communication skills	Short	Yes	69		✓
Franco et al. [64]	Communication skills	Short	Yes	69		✓
Hagemann [68]	Situation awareness	Short	No	77		✓
	Teamwork skills
	Task management
	Decision-making
Hagemeier et al. [39]	Communication skills	Short	Yes	73	✓
Haidet et al. [29]	Communication skills	Short	No	34		✓
Hammer & Rian [48]	Presentation skills	Short	No	7	✓	✓
Harlak et al. [88]	Communication skills	Long	No	59	✓
Heiman et al. [33]	Presentation skills	Long	Yes	132	✓
Hess et al. [46]	Communication skills	Long	Yes	67	✓
Hobgood et al. [47]	Teamwork skills	Short	No	235		✓
Hobgood et al. [47]	Breaking bad news	Short	Yes	138		✓
Joekes et al. [54]	Communication skills	Long	Yes	82	✓
Karnieli-Miller et al. [89]	Interpersonal communication skills	Short	Yes	19	✓
	Humor
Knox and Bouchier [53]	Communication skills	Long	Yes	n/a	✓
Konopasek et al. [27]	Communication skills	Short	Yes	90		✓
	Feedback-giving skills
Koponen et al. [73]	Communication skills	Long	Yes	129	✓
Kushner et al. [30]	Empathy skills	Short	Yes	127	✓
	Communication skills
Lanken et al. [34]	Communication skills	Long	No	370	✓	✓
Lau et al. [81]	Communication skills	Short	No	160	✓
Lie et al. [42]	Interpreter interaction skills	Short	No	304	✓
Lim et al. [83]	Empathy skills	Long	No	77		✓
Lim et al. [77]	Empathy skills	Short	No	72		✓
LoSasso et al. [35]	Empathy skills	Short	No	70		✓
Loureiro et al. [63]	Communication skills	Long	No	115		✓
Ludwig et al. [38]	Teamwork skills	Short	Yes	373		✓
Lukman et al. [82]	Communication skills	Long	Yes	189	✓
Martino et al. [45]	Brief Motivational Interviewing	Short	Yes	45		✓
Mauksch et al. [32]	Communication skills	Long	No	22		✓
Moorhead & Winefield [90]	Empathy skills	Short	No	63		✓
Ozcan et al. [75]	Empathy skills	Short	No	143	✓
Poole & Sanson-Fisher [78]	Empathy skills	Short	No	45		✓
Rees & Sheard [55]	Communication skills	Long	Yes	216	✓
Robertson et al. [28]	Teamwork skills	Short	Yes	104		✓
Rosen et al. [40]	Cross-cultural training	Short	Yes	32		✓
Saab et al. [91]	Communication skills	Short	No	75	✓
Schildmann et al. [66]	Breaking bad news	Short	Yes	23		✓
Shapiro et al. [50]	Communication skills	Long	Yes	79	✓
Simmenroth-Nayda et al. [67]	Communication skills	Long	Yes	32		✓
Tiuraniemi et al. [74]	Communication skills	Short	No	126		✓
Todisco et al. [76]	Interviewing skills	Long	Yes	60	✓
Tsai et al. [92]	Interviewing skills	Short	Yes	27		✓
Usherwood [59]	Interviewing skills	Short	No	44		✓
von Lengerke & Kursch [71]	Communication skills	Short	Yes	267	✓
Wiese et al. [41]	Presentation skills	Short	No	62		✓
Yeung et al. [49]	Teaching skills	Long	No	18	✓
	Communication skills
Yu et al. [93]	Non-verbal communication skills	Short	No	82	✓
Zgheib et al. [80]	Communication skills	Long	No	102	✓
	Professionalism
	Personal Development