Table 4.

Summary of study outcomes and assessment.

Author	Outcome			Assessment
	Skill Performance	Knowledge	Attitude towards skills	Assessment Method 1	Assessment Method 2	Assessment Method 3	Assessment Method 4	Validated method	Results
Aboumatar et al. [44]	✓	✓		Likert scale questionnaire	System thinking scale			✓	+
Alroy et al. [79]	✓			Rating scale				✓	+
Ayuob et al. [84]	✓	✓		Multiple-choice questionnaire	Checklist based assessment				+
Betson et al. [85]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
Blatt & Greenberg [36]	✓	✓	✓	Learners' rating	Likert scale questionnaire	Interaction analysis data			+
Bonnaud-Antignac et al. [72]	✓	✓		Likert scale questionnaire	6-point protocol			✓	+
Braniff et al. [51]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
Buczacki et al. [52]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
Cämmerer et al. [70]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
Carpenter [56]		✓	✓	Likert scale questionnaire					+
Carter et al. [31]			✓	CABSa					+
Chun & Lee [86]	✓			Debate Competence Scale				✓	+
Dixon-Woods et al. [60]		✓	✓	Likert scale questionnaire					+
Doherty et al. [65]	✓		✓	Likert scale questionnaire					+
Efstathiou & Walker [57]	✓		✓	Likert scale questionnaire					+
Engerer et al. [69]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
Engler et al. [43]	✓			CSICb				✓	+
Erickson et al. [26]	✓		✓	SCSc	JSAPNCd	ATHCTe		✓	+
Fadlon & Pessah [87]		✓	✓	Likert scale questionnaire	Focus groups				+
Fernández-Olano et al. [62]	✓			JSPEf				✓	+
Fletcher et al. [58]	✓			Bar-On EQ-i				✓	+
Forsgren et al. [61]	✓		✓	Likert scale questionnaire	Checklist-based assessment				+
Franco et al. [64]	✓	✓		Multiple-choice questionnaire	CCPQC-CCg	CSASh	Likert scale questionnaire	✓	+
Hagemann [68]	✓		✓	ANTS Observation Systemi	Likert scale questionnaire			✓	+
Hagemeier et al. [39]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
Haidet et al. [29]	✓		✓	Likert scale questionnaire	MAASj	PPOSk		✓	+
Hammer & Rian [48]	✓		✓	Likert scale questionnaire					+
Harlak et al. [88]	✓		✓	CSASh	Empathic Tendency Scale			✓	-
Heiman et al. [33]	✓			Checklist based assessment					+
Hess et al. [46]	✓			Common Ground Rating Scale	OSCEl			✓	+
Hobgood et al. [47]	✓	✓	✓	Teamwork attitudes instrument	Teamwork knowledge test			✓	+
Hobgood et al. [47]	✓		✓	Likert scale questionnaire					+
Joekes et al. [54]	✓		✓	Doctor-Patient (DP) Scale	Likert scale questionnaire	Interview Rating Scale	OSCEl	✓	+
Karnieli-Miller et al. [89]	✓		✓	Patient–Practitioner Orientation Scale	Lavie Scale	RCSm		✓	+
Knox and Bouchier [53]		✓		Modified essay question					+
Konopasek et al. [27]	✓		✓	Likert scale questionnaire					+
Koponen et al. [73]			✓	CSASh				✓	+
Kushner et al. [30]	✓		✓	Likert scale questionnaire					+
Lanken et al. [34]	✓	✓	✓	Likert scale questionnaire	JSPEf			✓	+
Lau et al. [81]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
Lie et al. [42]		✓		Multiple-choice questionnaire					+
Lim et al. [83]	✓		✓	JSPEf	OSCEl			✓	+
Lim et al. [77]	✓		✓	Behaviour Change Counselling Index				✓	-
LoSasso et al. [35]	✓		✓	JSPEf				✓	+
Loureiro et al. [63]	✓		✓	STAIn	Interpersonal Behaviour Survey	CSASh		✓	-
Ludwig et al. [38]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
Lukman et al. [82]	✓	✓	✓	General Information questionnaire	ICIo	CSAMp	CSVAq	✓	+
Martino et al. [45]	✓	✓		Likert scale questionnaire	Multiple-choice questionnaire				+
Mauksch et al. [32]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
Moorhead & Winefield [90]	✓			Empathy Rating Scale					-
Ozcan et al. [75]	✓		✓	ECSSr	Empatic Tendency Scale			✓	+
Poole & Sanson-Fisher [78]	✓			Accurate Empathy Scale				✓	+
Rees & Sheard [55]			✓	CSASh				✓	-
Robertson et al. [28]	✓	✓	✓	Teamwork knowledge test	CHIRP Scales	Team skills checklist video rating		✓	+
Rosen et al. [40]	✓	✓	✓	Likert scale questionnaire					+
Saab et al. [91]	✓			Rating scale					+
Schildmann et al. [66]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
Shapiro et al. [50]	✓		✓	SAICQt	SPIRu	ISRSv		✓	-
Simmenroth-Nayda et al. [67]	✓			CCOGw				✓	+
Tiuraniemi et al. [74]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire	Global self-appraisal of competency				+
Todisco et al. [76]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire	Videotaped interview rating scale				+
Tsai et al. [92]	✓			Videotaped interview rating scale					+
Usherwood [59]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
von Lengerke & Kursch [71]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
Wiese et al. [41]	✓			Videotaped interview rating scale					+
Yeung et al. [49]	✓			Likert scale questionnaire					+
Yu et al. [93]	✓			METTx	SETTy				+
Zgheib et al. [80]	✓			TPSz				✓	+
TOTAL	60	16	31					30

Abbreviations: a: Cultural Attitudes and Beliefs Scale, b: Carkhuff's Standard Index of Communication, c: Self-efficacy in Communication Scale, d: Jefferson Scale of Attitudes toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration, e: Attitudes toward Health Care Team, f: Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, g:Clinical Communication and Professionalism Questionnaire of Capability – Communication Competencies, h: Communication Skills Attitude Scale, i: Anaesthesia Non-Technical Skills Observation System, j: Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, k: Patient Practitioner Orientation Scale, l: Objective Structured Clinical Examination, m: Relational Communication Scale n: Speilberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, o: Interpersonal Communication Inventory, p: Communication Skills Attitude Measure q: Communication Skills Video Assessment, r: Empathic Communication Skill Scale, s: Collaborative Healthcare Interdisciplinary Relationship Planning, t: Self-Assessment of Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire, u: The Staff-Patient Interaction Rating Scale, v: Interpersonal Skills Rating, Scale, w: Calgary-Cambridge Observation-Guide, x: Micro Expression Training Tool, y: Subtle Expression Training Tool, z: Team Performance Scale.