Table 1. Molecular characterisation of AMR determinants and strain types, national antimicrobial resistance surveillance system Kor-GLASS, South Korea.

Species	AMR determinants	Epidemiological markers
Staphylococcus aureus	• Meticillin-resistance gene PCR (mecA/mecC) • SCCmec typing • agr polymorphism typing	• MLST • spa-typing
Enterococcus faecalis E. faecium	• Glycopeptide-resistance gene PCR (vanA/vanB/vanM) • Tn1546 analysis	• MLST • Plasmid analysis (replicon typing)
Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae	• ESBL gene PCR and sequencing (bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-9, bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M25, bla TEM, bla SHV) • AmpC β-lactamase PCR and sequencing (bla DHA, bla CMY-1, bla CMY-2, bla ACT, bla ACC, bla FOX) • Carbapenemase gene PCR and sequencing (bla KPC, bla NDM, bla OXA-48, bla VIM, bla IMP, bla GES) • Mobile colistin resistance gene PCR (mcr-1/-2)	• MLST • Plasmid analysis (replicon typing)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Carbapenemase gene PCR and sequencing (bla KPC, bla NDM, bla OXA-48, bla VIM, bla IMP, bla GES)	• Class 1 integron • MLST
Acinetobacter spp.	• Carbapenemase PCR and sequencing (bla OXA-23/-24/-51/-58, bla KPC, bla NDM, bla OXA-48, bla VIM, bla IMP, bla GES)	• Transposon • MLST
Salmonella spp. Shigella spp.	• CTX-M ESBL PCR and sequencing (bla CTX-M-1, bla CTX-M-9, bla CTX-M-2, bla CTX-M-25) • Fluoroquinolone resistance gene PCR and sequencing (repA, gyrA, parC)	NA
Neisseria gonorrhoeae	• Cephalosporin-resistance gene analysis (penA) • Spectinomycin-resistance gene PCR and sequencing (16S rRNA, rpsE, 23S rRNA) • Azithromycin-resistance gene PCR (ermB, ermC, ermF, mef)	• NG-MAST • MLST

AMR: antimicrobial resistance; ESBL: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; MLST: multilocus sequence typing; NA: not applicable; NG-MAST: Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing.