Table 1.
Machinery of adenosine methylation in DNA and RNA.
| Machinery | Component | Roles in the complex | Localization | Organism | Biological function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Writers for m6dA | DAMT-1 | Methylation of DNA adenosine | Nuclei | C. elegans | |
|
| |||||
| Erasers for m6dA | DMAD | Demethylation of m6dA | Nuclei | Drosophila | |
| NMAD-1 | Demethylation of m6dA | Nuclei | C. elegans | ||
| ALKBH1 | Demethylation of m6dA and tRNA | Nuclei/cytoplasm | Mammals | ||
| FTO | Demethylation of m6dA and RNA m6A | Nuclei/cytoplasm | Mammals | ||
|
| |||||
| Readers for m6dA | Unknown | Unknown | |||
|
| |||||
| Writers for m6A | METTL3 | m6A methyltransferase | Nuclei | ||
| METTL14 | Core component of the m6A methyltransferase in human | Nuclei | |||
| MT-A70 | Complex | Nuclei | |||
| WTAP | Regulatory component of the complex | Nuclei | |||
| KIAA1429 | Regulatory component of the complex | Nuclei | |||
|
| |||||
| Erasers for m6A | ALKBH5 | m6A demethylase | Cytoplasm | Mammals | mRNA export and RNA metabolism |
| FTO | m6A demethylase | Cytoplasm | Mammals | Mammal fertility convert m6A to h-m6A, f-m6A | |
|
| |||||
| Readers for m6A | YTH family | ||||
| (i) YTHDF1 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | Trigger/enhance translation of mRNA bearing m6A | |
| (ii) YTHDF2 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | mRNA decay | ||
| Mouse female fertility | |||||
| cap-independent | |||||
| Translation in nuclear | |||||
| (iii) YTHDF3 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | Concordance of YTHDF1 and YTHDF2 | |
| (iv) YTHDC1 | m6A reader | Nuclei | Mammals | Facilitate inclusion of alternative exons | |
| (v) YTHDC2 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | Fertility of mouse | |
| hnRNP family | |||||
| (i) hnRNP-A2/B1 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | Alternative splicing processing of miRNA | |
| (ii) hnRNP-C | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | Alternative splicing processing of miRNA | |
| (iii) hnRNP-G | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | ||
| (iv) hnRNP-H1 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | ||
| (v) hnRNP-H2 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | ||
| KH/RM/RBD family | |||||
| (i) FMR1 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm/nuclei mammals | FMR1/YTHDF1 share overlapping mRNA targets | ||
| (ii) FXR1 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm/nuclei | |||
| (iii) FXR2 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm/nuclei | |||
| (iv) KHSRP | m6A reader | Cytoplasm/nuclei | |||
|
| |||||
| Repellers for RNA m6A | (i) G3BP1 | Repel to m6A | Cytoplasm/nuclei mammals | Positively affect stability of their target mRNAs | |
| (ii) G3BP2 | Repel to m6A | Cytoplasm/nuclei | |||
| (iii) CAPRINI | Repel to m6A | Cytoplasm/nuclei | |||
| (iv) USP10 | Repel to m6A | Cytoplasm/nuclei | |||
| (v) METTL16 | Repel to m6A | Cytoplasm/nuclei | |||