Table 2.
Comparisons of plasma amino acid concentrations between normal controls and patients at heart failure stage C (Initiation cohort).
| Normal controls | Heart failure stage C | Univariate | Multivariable‡ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amino acid (μM) | VIP score | (N = 129) | (N = 398) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value |
| Histidine | 2.20 | 95.2 ± 17.2 | 74.1 ± 14.7† | 0.92 (0.90–0.94) | 0.71 (0.64–0.79) | <0.001 |
| Ornithine | 2.09 | 59.7 ± 19.5 | 101.4 ± 36.5† | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | 1.07 (1.04–1.11) | <0.001 |
| Phenylalanine | 1.89 | 57.0 ± 8.5 | 75.6 ± 18.8† | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) | 1.48 (1.31–1.68) | <0.001 |
| Aspartate | 1.28 | 4.2 ± 2.6 | 6.7 ± 8.6† | 1.32 (1.23–1.42) | ||
| Glutamate | 1.24 | 68.3 ± 68.1 | 137.7 ± 110.5† | 1.01 (1.009–1.02) | ||
| Glutamine | 1.21 | 679.6 ± 142.5 | 569.0 ± 173.8† | 0.995 (0.994–0.997) | ||
| Tyrosine | 0.91 | 65.4 ± 13.1 | 76.2 ± 24.6† | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | ||
| Isoleucine | 0.80 | 72.1 ± 18.6 | 81.5 ± 23.0† | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | ||
| Citrulline | 0.78 | 47.3 ± 27.9 | 36.3 ± 25.7† | 0.99 (0.979–0.993) | ||
| Tryptophan | 0.63 | 42.9 ± 12.4 | 47.6 ± 14.5† | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | ||
| Lysine | 0.62 | 216.9 ± 41.0 | 234.3 ± 58.1† | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | ||
| Serine | 0.47 | 126.2 ± 31.1 | 118.2 ± 31.6∗ | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | ||
| Arginine | 0.41 | 62.5 ± 21.2 | 57.4 ± 24.4∗ | 0.99 (0.97–0.99) | ||
| Methionine | 0.33 | 25.3 ± 6.1 | 23.9 ± 8.5 | |||
| Proline | 0.33 | 170.9 ± 66.4 | 182.5 ± 66.9 | |||
| Asparagine | 0.25 | 49.1 ± 27.9 | 45.9 ± 21.4 | |||
| Valine | 0.19 | 243.9 ± 54.5 | 238.1 ± 58.8 | |||
| Leucine | 0.11 | 146.9 ± 41.0 | 144.5 ± 40.9 | |||
| Alanine | 0.10 | 347.7 ± 112.2 | 340.8 ± 131.1 | |||
| Threonine | 0.10 | 116.3 ± 28.6 | 114.6 ± 33.6 | |||
| Glycine | 0.09 | 241.4 ± 72.1 | 245.3 ± 85.2 | |||
Data are presented as mean ± SD. VIP: variable importance in the projection. ∗ p < 0.05 and † p < 0.01, compared to normal controls. ‡Multivariable analysis was performed for the amino acids with VIP score > 1 by stepwise logistic regression model (forward selection).