Table 3. Echocardiographic measurements.
All patient groups were compared with controls using ANOVA with posthoc Dunnet’s test or Kruskal-Wallis, as appropriate.
| Controls (n = 37) |
PS (n = 15) |
Syst RV (n = 19) |
PH (n = 21) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Functional measurements | ||||
| FAC (%)a | 40.5±6.6 | 41.6±8.8 | 27.9±6.8‡ | 21.8±8.7‡ |
| RA area (cm2) | 17.8±3.8 | 19.2±3.6 | 19.2±7.5 | 23.4±6.4‡ |
| TAPSE (mm) | 23.5±2.9 | 20.7±5.1* | 14.3±3.3‡ | 19.4±3.7‡ |
| TDI S’ (cm/sec) | 13.8±1.8 | 10.7±2.4‡ | 8.1±3.0‡ | 11.4±2.5‡ |
| RVFW long strain (%)b | -25.0±2.6 | -21.1±5.3 | -14.1±4.2‡ | -15.5±3.4‡ |
| IVS long strain (%)b | -15.1±1.6 | -13.3±2.5 | -10.6±2.6‡ | -10.4±3.4‡ |
| RV global long strain (%)b | -20.0±1.7 | -17.8±3.9 | -12.5±3.7‡ | -12.8±2.8‡ |
| Timing of contraction | ||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 64±9 | 67±12 | 60±11 | 74±11‡ |
| Ejection time RVOT (ms) | 320±27 | 355±33* | 289±26* | 300±44 |
| PA acc time (ms) | 154±20 | 181±28† | 130±20‡ | 77±16‡ |
| PVO (ms) | 91±15 | 85±15 | 117±15‡ | 100±18 |
| PVC (ms) | 404±27 | 441±32‡ | 406±26 | 401±41 |
| TTP RVFW (ms)b | 399±32 | 428±25 | 399±48 | 453±93† |
| RV-SD4 (ms)b | 27±14 | 41±21 | 50±25† | 79±29‡ |
| ΔIVS_RVFW (ms)b | -18 [-60; 72] | -49[-103; -25]† | -27[-170; 30] | -73[-273; 35]† |
*p<0.05
†p<0.01
‡p<0.001.
aFractional area was available in 78/91 (85.7%) patients.
b Speckle tracking analysis was available in 76/91 (73.6%; median frame rate 57, ranging 42–116 fps).
FAC = fractional area change; RA = right atrial; TDI S’ = Tissue Doppler Imaging systolic velocity of the tricuspid annulus; RV = right ventricle; RVOT = right ventricular outflow tract; PA acc time = acceleration time measured with PW Doppler in RV outflow tract; PVO = pulmonary valve opening; PVC = pulmonic valve closure; RV-SD4 = standard deviation of 4 RV segment time to peak; TTP = time to peak; ΔIVS_RVFW = difference between septal and free wall time to peak.