At 1, 3, 6, and 10 months post-HAd-GFP inoculation, naïve or HAdV-primed BALB/c mice were immunized i.m. with 108 PFU of HAd-H5HA or HAd-ΔE1E3, and at 4 weeks after the immunization with HAd-H5HA and the animals were challenged i.n. with 100 mouse infectious dose 50 (MID50) of VN/1203/RG, euthanized at 3 days post-challenge, and the lungs were collected and processed for lung virus titers to monitor protection efficacy. The data are shown as mean Log10 TCID50±SD, and the detection limit was 0.5 Log10 TCID50/ml. ns, non-significant at p<0.05; *, significant at p<0.05; **, significant at p<0.01; ***, significant at p<0.001; and ****, significant at p<0.000. The statistical analysis was done by Bonferroni post-test and two-way ANOVA using GraphPad Prism 6.