Table 2.
Odds ratios (ORs) from multi-level models examining individual- and study- level predictors of drinking to predict drinking in the 6 hours before injury among current drinkers by injury causea
| Traffic injuries | Violence-related injuries | Falls | Other injuries | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N) | (2 619) | (2 281) | (4 024) | (5 365) | ||||
| OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | OR | (95%CI) | |
| Level 1 effects | ||||||||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Male | 1.48 | (1.26–1.72)*** | 1.40 | (1.10–1.80)** | 0.94 | (0.79–1.11) | 0.69 | (0.59–0.81)*** |
| Age < 30 years | 1.02 | (0.85–1.23) | 1.01 | (0.84–1.22) | 0.76 | (0.61–0.969)** | 1.00 | (0.87–1.15) |
| Primary education b | 0.92 | (0.73–1.16) | 1.02 | (0.83–1.25) | 1.12 | (0.87–1.45) | 1.29 | (1.05–1.59)** |
| College education b | 0.67 | (0.50–0.91)** | 0.99 | (0.74–1.34) | 0.92 | (0.76–1.11) | 0.99 | (0.78–1.25) |
| Employed b | 0.83 | (0.71–0.97)** | 1.03 | (0.78–1.36) | 0.69 | (0.57–0.84)** | 0.68 | (0.57–0.80)*** |
| Alcohol volume past yeard | 1.40 | (1.27–1.54)*** | 1.35 | (1.20–1.52)*** | 1.46 | (1.33–1.60)*** | 1.51 | (1.41–1.61)*** |
| Drinking pattern Infrequent light/non-heavy | 0.92 | (0.65–1.32) | 1.07 | (0.65–1.75) | 0.96 | (0.65–1.41) | 0.80 | (0.61–1.05) |
| Frequent light/non-heavy | Ref. | (OR=1) | Ref. | (OR=1) | Ref. | (OR=1) | Ref. | (OR=1) |
| Infrequent light/occasional heavy | 1.17 | (0.85–1.60) | 1.99 | (1.27–3.10)* | 2.26 | (1.61–3.17)*** | 1.32 | (1.00–1.74) |
| Frequent light/occasional heavy | 0.98 | (0.73–1.32) | 2.01 | (1.44–2.81)** | 1.81 | (1.40–2.35)*** | 1.11 | (0.88–1.41) |
| Frequent heavy | 1.57 | (1.06–2.34) | 2.57 | (1.98–3.34)*** | 2.86 | (2.24–3.66)*** | 1.71 | (1.38–2.14)*** |
| Level 2 effects | ||||||||
| Detrimental drinking pattern (DDP)e | 1.54 | (1.06–2.24)* | 1.38 | (1.12–1.71)* | 1.13 | (0.82–1.55) | 1.12 | (0.79–1.59) |
| European ambulance system | 0.54 | (0.15–2.00) | 2.16 | (0.98–4.75) | 0.76 | (0.38–1.54) | 1.04 | (0.48–2.29) |
| Study-level average volumef | 1.15 | (0.86–1.52) | 1.03 | (0.88–1.20) | 0.91 | (0.75–1.11) | 0.73 | (0.57–0.93)* |
| Residual variances (coefficients) | 0.77 | (0.20–1.34)*** | 0.31 | (0.11–0.51)** | 0.50 | (0.04–0.95)* | 0.36 | (0.05–0.67)* |
Notes: p<0.05;
p<0.01;
p<0.001. C.I. = Confidence Interval
Injury causes are not mutually exclusive.
Reference = secondary school education.
Employed 30 hours per week (reference=else).
Individual volume consumption (in 16 ml standard drink, log-transformed).
Combination of four policy measures: legal intoxication level for driving, random breath test, sanction on driving under the influence (DUI), open container law (high value more restrictive).
Study mean of volume consumption (in 16 ml standard drink, log-transformed). Sample size (n) for each causal injury group reflects number of observations retained in multi-level regression models (cases with missing values are dropped from analysis).