Figure 1. Parasites with therapeutic targeting of hallmark of cancer.

Protozoa such as Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi have an antitumor effect on some cell types of cancer through the antiangiogenic capacity, reactivation of the immune response and induction of apoptosis. On the other hand, Taenia crassiceps is able to regulate the cancer-promoting inflammatory response. Echinococcus granulosus have different antitumor mechanisms such as reactivation of the immune response and antiproliferative effect on transformed cells, as well as Trichinella spiralis with regulating effect of invasion and metastasis and antiproliferative signals.