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. 2018 Oct 24;8:15684. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33815-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Thalamo-cortical phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling and directed interactions after uni- and bimodal stimulation. (a) Schematic diagram of assessed coupling. (i) Heat maps displaying the relative (post-stimulation – pre-stimulation) phase amplitude cross-frequency coupling (CFC) between VPM and G layers of S1 after visual, tactile and bimodal stimulation. (ii) Bar diagram displaying the averaged relative modulation index (MI) for visual (red), tactile (orange) and bimodal visual-tactile (blue) stimulation. (b) Same as (a) for the coupling between dLGN and G layers of V1. (c) Schematic diagram of assessed directed interactions. (i) Plot displaying the relative partial directed coherence change (post-stimulus/pre-stimulus) 100–600 ms after unimodal visual (red), unimodal tactile (orange) and bimodal visual-tactile (blue) stimulation when assessed for 2–40 Hz oscillations in VPM and G layers of S1. (ii) Bar diagram displaying the relative partial directed coherence change (post-stimulus/pre-stimulus) 100–600 ms after unimodal visual (red), unimodal tactile (orange) and bimodal visual-tactile (blue) stimulation when assessed for the frequency range marked in (i) by the grey box. (d) Same as (c) for the information flow between dLGN and G layers of V1. Red dotted lines mark the border of an enhanced information flow (>1) or decreased information flow (<1.0). (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; paired sample t-test).