Table 1.
Behavioral group characteristics.
| CD | TD | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Significance two-tailed | ||
| N = 39 | N = 39 | |||
| Age (in years) | 15.94 ± 1.88 | 15.54 ± 2.15 | 0.390 | |
| Sex (male/female) | 29/10 | 29/10 | ||
| No. per site (Basel/Berlin) | 28/11 | 28/11 | ||
| Handedness (right/left/ambidextrous) | 36/2/1 | 36/2/1 | ||
| IQ | Matrix reasoning | 99.47 ± 12.02 | 101.54 ± 11.31 | 0.472 |
| Comorbidities (DSM-5) | Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | 17 | 0 | |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 20 | 0 | ||
| Major depression | 2 | 0 | ||
| Anxiety disorder | 6 | 0 | ||
| Substance/alcohol abuse/dependence | 16 | 0 | ||
| YPI | N = 39 | N = 38 | ||
| Grandiose-manipulative (interpersonal) dimension | 8.68 ± 2.74 | 7.89 ± 1.90 | 0.117 | |
| Callous-unemotional (affective) dimension | 11.23 ± 3.08 | 9.55 ± 1.94 | 0.006∗∗ | |
| Impulsive-irresponsible (behavioral) dimension | 13.57 ± 2.80 | 10.68 ± 1.72 | <0.001∗∗∗ | |
| Total score | 11.16 ± 2.38 | 9.37 ± 1.21 | <0.001∗∗∗ | |
∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001, two-tailed t-test; all other t-tests non-significant at threshold p = 0.05. For IQ, standard scores are reported; for YPI, mean scores are reported, missing data are due to time constraints. CD, conduct disorder patients; TD, typically developing adolescents; SD, standard deviation; YPI, Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory.