Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population according to frailty and cognitive impairment status.
| Status of frailty and cognitive function |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frailty and cognitive | Frailty only | Cognitive impairment only | No frailty and no cognitive | P-value | |
| impairment jointly | (n = 96) | (n = 170) | impairment (control group) | ||
| (n = 353) | (n = 86) | ||||
| Age (years) | 94.2 @ 3.5 | 93.1 @ 3.4 | 93.3 @ 3.1 | 92.5 @ 2.6 | <0.001** |
| Female (%) | 75.1 | 51.0 | 77.6 | 33.7 | <0.001** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 18.9 @ 3.5 | 19.4 @ 4.2 | 19.5 @ 2.9 | 20.2 @ 3.3 | 0.009** |
| Weight (kg) | 39.7 @ 7.9 | 41.9 @ 9.4 | 41.3 @ 7.3 | 46.7 @ 9.3 | <0.001** |
| Height (cm) | 145.4 @ 10.5 | 147.9 @ 10.6 | 145.4 @ 8.6 | 152.5 @ 7.7 | <0.001** |
| WC (cm) | 76.7 @ 9.2 | 76.5 @ 11.1 | 77.1 @ 8.5 | 79.3 @ 9.8 | 0.131 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 137.3 @ 22.8 | 144.0 @ 22.6 | 144.4 @ 23.4 | 140.8 @ 23.0 | 0.003** |
| DBP (mmHg) | 72.6 @ 12.0 | 73.4 @ 12.4 | 72.8 @ 12.1 | 73.0 @ 12.1 | 0.936 |
| MMSE | 11.9 @ 4.5 | 21.4 @ 2.0 | 13.5 @ 3.9 | 22.2 @ 2.4 | <0.001** |
| Frailty index | 0.32 @ 0.08 | 0.29 @ 0.06 | 0.15 @ 0.04 | 0.16 @ 0.04 | <0.001** |
| Education level (%) | |||||
| Illiteracy | 84.4 | 49.5 | 80.6 | 31.8 | |
| Primary school | 13.9 | 47.4 | 17.1 | 62.4 | |
| Secondary school or advanced | 1.7 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 5.9 | <0.001** |
| Smoking (%) | 40.3 | 50.0 | 46.2 | 44.2 | 0.311 |
| Alcohol drinking (%) | 21.7 | 22.9 | 29.6 | 41.9 | 0.001** |
| Having exercise habit (%) | 36.0 | 36.8 | 42.5 | 51.2 | 0.056 |
| Comorbidity (%) | 77.3 | 76.0 | 17.6 | 29.1 | <0.001** |
| Status of survival (%) | |||||
| Alive | 39.7 | 52.1 | 50.0 | 59.3 | |
| Death | 60.3 | 47.9 | 50.0 | 40.7 | 0.002** |
Data are the mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. Comorbidity was defined as the presence of two or more chronic diseases (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory disease, digestive disease, chronic renal disease, and osteoarthritis). Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MMSE, mini-mental status examination. ∗∗P < 0.01.