Table 2.
Background Characteristics According to the Site of Arterial Occlusion
| Variables | ICA | M1 | M2 | No Occlusion | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=51 | n=73 | n=48 | n=158 | ||
| Female sex, n (%) | 29 (57) | 35 (48) | 21 (44) | 64 (41) | 0.215 |
| Age, y, median (quartiles) | 82 (77–89) | 78 (71–85) | 80 (72–87) | 77 (70–85) | 0.014 |
| Risk factors | |||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 32 (63) | 42 (58) | 36 (75) | 103 (66) | 0.302 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 11 (22) | 22 (30) | 16 (33) | 61 (39) | 0.147 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 11 (22) | 13 (18) | 7 (15) | 21 (13) | 0.493 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 5 (10) | 12 (16) | 10 (21) | 23 (15) | 0.502 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 19 (37) | 16 (22) | 14 (29) | 24 (15) | 0.006 |
| Prior embolism, n (%)a | 8 (16) | 11 (15) | 11 (23) | 40 (25) | 0.263 |
| History of vascular disease, n (%)b | 9 (18) | 8 (11) | 8 (17) | 23 (15) | 0.742 |
| CHADS2 score, median (quartiles) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.070 |
| CHA2DS2‐VASc score, median (quartiles) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (2–5) | 0.059 |
| Preadmission antiplatelet use, n (%) | 16 (31) | 21 (29) | 11 (23) | 43 (27) | 0.813 |
| Preadmission mRS, median (quartiles) | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0.243 |
| Chronic atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 40 (78) | 55 (75) | 37 (77) | 110 (70) | 0.515 |
| Onset to arrival, h, median (quartiles) | 3.0 (2.0–10.0) | 3.0 (1.8–7.0) | 4.5 (1.6–12.8) | 6.6 (2.5–20.1) | 0.004 |
| NIHSS score on admission, median (quartiles) | 23 (18–26) | 19 (14–25) | 15 (7–24) | 4 (2–10) | <0.001 |
| Infarct volume at admission, cm3, median (quartiles) | 84.3 (20.5–165.6) | 28.7 (7.1–87.1) | 17.6 (3.9–51.5) | 2.3 (0.4–14.6) | <0.001 |
| Preadmission anticoagulant status, n (%) | 0.012 | ||||
| No anticoagulant | 35 (15) | 61 (26) | 34 (14) | 109 (46) | |
| Undertreated VKA | 12 (30) | 4 (10) | 9 (23) | 15 (38) | |
| Sufficient VKA | 1 (5) | 5 (23) | 2 (9) | 14 (64) | |
| DOAC | 3 (10) | 3 (10) | 3 (10) | 20 (69) | |
| Biochemistry sign at admission, median (quartiles) | |||||
| aPTT, s | 29.5 (27.0–32.8) | 29.0 (25.8–33.0) | 28.4 (25.8–32.5) | 29.8 (27.4–34.7) | 0.306 |
| PT‐INR | 1.15 (1.06–1.31) | 1.12 (1.03–1.23) | 1.10 (1.00–1.23) | 1.12 (1.04–1.33) | 0.275 |
| Blood glucose, mg/dL | 127 (110–153) | 126 (110–148) | 116 (103–144) | 111 (99–140) | 0.004 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.87 (0.67–1.09) | 0.83 (0.68–1.03) | 0.84 (0.71–0.97) | 0.87 (0.71–1.06) | 0.780 |
| eGFR, mL/min | 59 (41–73) | 60 (51–76) | 63 (50–72) | 60 (47–73) | 0.594 |
| D‐dimer, μg/mL | 2.4 (1.5–4.8) | 1.9 (1.0–4.1) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | 1.1 (0.7–2.5) | <0.001 |
| Brain natriuretic peptide, pg/mL | 338 (195–532) | 197 (115–377) | 274 (126–454) | 163 (92–288) | <0.001 |
| mRS at discharge, median (quartiles) | 5 (5–6) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (2–4) | 2 (1–4) | <0.001 |
aPTT indicates activated partial thromboplastin time; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICA, internal carotid artery; M1, middle cerebral artery horizontal segment; M2, middle cerebral artery insular segment; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health stroke scale; PT‐INR, prothrombin time‐international normalized ratio; VKA, vitamin K antagonist.
a
Including ischemic stroke and systemic embolism.
b
Including ischemic heart disease and peripheral artery disease.