Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants in MESA by Log‐Aldosterone in Tertiles at Baseline
| Baseline Characteristicsa | All | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=1570 | n=524 | n=522 | n=524 | ||
| Age, y | 64.4 (9.7) | 64.6 (9.8) | 64.8 (9.5) | 63.7 (9.8) | 0.1456 |
| Female, sex (%) | 802 (51) | 269 (51) | 264 (51) | 269 (51) | 0.960 |
| Race/Ethnicity (%) | |||||
| Non‐Hispanic white | 682 (43) | 214 (41) | 217 (42) | 251 (48) | |
| Chinese American | 205 (13) | 61 (12) | 86 (16) | 58 (11) | |
| Black | 311 (20) | 147 (28) | 86 (16) | 78 (15) | |
| Hispanic American | 372 (24) | 102 (19) | 133 (25) | 137 (26) | <0.01 |
| Education ≥ Bachelor's degree (%) | 610 (39) | 194 (37) | 206 (39) | 201 (40) | 0.563 |
| Current alcohol use (%) | 867 (55) | 283 (54) | 272 (52) | 312 (60) | 0.043 |
| Ace‐inhibitor or ARB (%) | 299 (19) | 103 (20) | 107 (21) | 89 (17) | 0.319 |
| Exercise physical activity (MET‐min/week) | 1430 (1844) | 1443 (2095) | 1435 (1680) | 1414 (1731) | 0.9656 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.7 (4.9) | 27.6 (5.1) | 27.7 (4.7) | 27.8 (4.9) | 0.9060 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 97.1 (13.5) | 96.6 (13.9) | 96.9 (13.1) | 97.8 (13.7) | 0.3012 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 123 (20) | 123 (20) | 123 (20) | 123 (21) | 0.9971 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 70 (10) | 69 (10) | 70 (10) | 71 (10) | 0.0031 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L, mg/dL) | 5.05 (0.56), 91 (10) | 5.00 (0.50), 90 (9) | 5.05 (0.56), 91 (10) | 5.11 (0.56), 92 (10) | 0.0002 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L, mg/dL) | 83.10 (19.45), 0.94 (0.22) | 82.21 (20.33), 0.93 (0.23) | 82.21 (19.45), 0.93 (0.22) | 83.98 (19.45), 0.95 (0.22) | 0.1740 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/s per m2, mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 1.32 (0.27), 79 (16) | 1.34 (0.28), 80 (17) | 1.32 (0.27), 79 (16) | 1.29 (0.27), 77 (16) | 0.0245 |
| Non‐Parametric Continuous Variables | Median (Interquartile Range) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aldosterone (pmol/L, pg/mL)b | 363.12 (260.48, 507.36), 130.9 (93.9, 182.9) | 222.20 (176.43, 257.98), 80.1 (63.6, 93.0) | 359.51 (325.11, 401.40), 129.6 (117.2, 144.7) | 580.88 (505.98, 741.49) 209.4 (182.4, 267.3) | 0.0001 |
| PRA, ng/mL per hc | 0.5 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.0001 |
| Homeostatic model assessment‐2—insulin resistanced | 0.81 (0.57, 1.16) | 0.73 (0.52, 1.02) | 0.83 (0.61, 1.17) | 0.89 (0.61, 1.27)) | 0.0001 |
| Homeostatic model assessment‐2—β‐cell function (%)d | 81.5 (66.5, 102.9) | 77.8 (64.7, 96.6) | 81.7 (66.8, 103.5) | 84.2 (67.5, 107.2) | 0.0018 |
| Interleukin‐6, pg/mLe | 1.8 (1.2, 2.7) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.6) | 1.9 (1.2, 3.0) | 0.0226 |
| High sensitivity C‐reactive protein, mg/Lf | 1.4 (0.7, 3.2) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.9) | 1.4 (0.7, 3.3) | 1.4 (0.8, 3.3) | 0.7377 |
| Tumor necrosis factor‐α, pg/mLg | 4.5 (3.4, 6.2) | 4.4 (3.4, 6.0) | 4.4 (3.3, 6.3) | 4.7 (3.6, 6.4) | 0.0431 |
| Adiponectin, ng/mL | 17 973 (12 347, 26 678) | 18 743 (12 695, 28 051) | 17 704 (12 442, 26 007) | 17 676 (12 024, 26 348) | 0.1503 |
| Leptin, pg/mLh | 13 006 (5455, 27 881) | 11 799 (4871, 26 668) | 13 020 (5522, 27 991) | 13 802 (5942, 28 089) | 0.3355 |
ARB indicates angiotensin receptor blockers; CI, confidence interval; MESA, the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; PRA, plasma renin activity.
Mean (SD), median (interquartile range) or percentages are listed except where noted, Pvalues calculated using chi‐square (categorical variables), ANOVA (parametric continuous variables) and Kruskal–Wallis test (non‐parametric continuous variables).
n=1548 at baseline in continuous analyses (Tertiles 1–3: n=502, n=522, n=524).
n=1474 participants with plasma renin activity at baseline (Tertiles 1–3: n=484, n=496, n=494).
n=1568 participants with HOMA‐IR and HOMA‐β without diabetes mellitus at baseline (Tertiles 1–3: n=524, n=521, n=523).
n=1541 participants with interleukin‐6 at baseline (Tertiles 1–3: n=513, n=514, n=514).
n=1544 participants with high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein at baseline (Tertiles 1–3: n=514, n=515, n=515).
n=1564 participants with tumor necrosis factor‐α at baseline (Tertiles 1–3: n=521, n=521, n=522).
n=1563 participants with leptin at baseline (Tertiles 1–3: n=521, n=521, n=521).