Table 2.
The Association of Log Aldosterone and Log Plasma Renin Activity With Fasting Plasma Glucose, Insulin Resistance and β‐Cell Function
| Fasting Plasma Glucose—Linear Regression β Coefficientsa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Model 1b | Model 2b | Model 3b | |
| Log‐aldosteronec | ||||
| Continuous | 2.15 (1.22, 3.08) | 2.75 (1.83, 3.68) | 2.54 (1.64, 3.44) | 2.58 (1.69, 3.48) |
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Tertile 2 | 1.90 (0.73, 3.08) | 1.94 (0.80, 3.09) | 1.79 (0.68, 2.91) | 1.78 (0.67, 2.89) |
| Tertile 3 | 2.32 (1.15, 3.49) | 2.81 (1.65, 3.97) | 2.64 (1.51, 3.77) | 2.69 (1.56, 3.82) |
| Log‐plasma renin activityd | ||||
| Continuous | 0.90 (0.48, 1.31) | 1.16 (0.75, 1.58) | 1.06 (0.66, 1.47) | 1.04 (0.61, 1.47) |
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Tertile 2 | 1.14 (−0.07, 2.36) | 1.59 (0.40, 2.79) | 1.59 (0.42, 2.75) | 1.56 (0.39, 2.72) |
| Tertile 3 | 2.36 (1.15, 3.58) | 3.01 (1.79, 4.24) | 2.75 (1.55, 3.94) | 2.58 (1.35, 3.82) |
| Log‐HOMA2‐IR—Linear Regression β Coefficientsa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Log‐aldosteronee | ||||
| Continuous | 0.16 (0.11, 0.22) | 0.17 (0.12, 0.22) | 0.15 (0.10, 0.19) | 0.15 (0.10, 0.19) |
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Tertile 2 | 0.13 (0.06, 0.20) | 0.14 (0.07, 0.21) | 0.12 (0.06, 0.18) | 0.12 (0.06, 0.18) |
| Tertile 3 | 0.18 (0.12, 0.25) | 0.18 (0.12, 0.25) | 0.16 (0.10, 0.22) | 0.16 (0.11, 0.22) |
| Log‐plasma renin activityf | ||||
| Continuous | 0.05 (0.03, 0.08) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.09) | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) |
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Tertile 2 | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.13) | 0.06 (−0.00, 0.12) | 0.06 (−0.00, 0.12) |
| Tertile 3 | 0.15 (0.08, 0.22) | 0.19 (0.12, 0.26) | 0.17 (0.10, 0.23) | 0.17 (0.10, 0.23) |
| Log‐HOMA2‐β—Linear Regression β Coefficientsa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Log‐aldosteronee | ||||
| Continuous | 0.06 (0.03, 0.10) | 0.05 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07) |
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Tertile 2 | 0.04 (0.00, 0.09) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.09) | 0.04 (0.00, 0.08) | 0.04 (0.00, 0.08) |
| Tertile 3 | 0.07 (0.03, 0.12) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.11) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.09) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.09) |
| Log‐plasma renin activityf | ||||
| Continuous | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) |
| Tertile 1 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Tertile 2 | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) |
| Tertile 3 | 0.05 (0.00, 0.09) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.11) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.09) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.10) |
Linear regression—a 100% increase in aldosterone or plasma renin activity is associated with an X mg/dL increase in glucose and a 100% increase in aldosterone or plasma renin activity results in a 100 times X percent increase in HOMA‐IR (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) or HOMA‐β (homeostatic model assessment of β‐cell function), where X equals the β‐coefficient.
Models: Model 1: age, education, sex, study site, race, alcohol, physical activity, estimated glomerular filtration rate and systolic blood pressure; Model 2: Model 1+waist circumference (cm); Model 3: Model 2+angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers.
n=1548 participants in continuous analyses and 1570 participants in categorical analyses.
n=1474 participants in continuous and categorical analyses.
n=1546 participants in continuous analyses and 1568 participants in categorical analyses.
n=1472 participants in continuous and categorical analyses.