Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics According to Quartiles of Plasma Cystathionine
| Quartiles of Plasma Cystathionine | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P trend a | P trend b | |
| Age, y | 58 (14) | 61 (15) | 64 (16) | 67 (14) | <0.001 | ··· |
| Male sex, n (%) | 303 (59.5) | 321 (63.1) | 322 (63.3) | 356 (69.9) | 0.001 | ··· |
| Coronary risk factor, n (%) | ||||||
| Obesity | 77 (15.2) | 100 (19.7) | 107 (21.0) | 119 (23.4) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 189 (37.1) | 230 (45.2) | 253 (49.7) | 276 (54.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 211 (41.9) | 210 (41.7) | 222 (43.6) | 267 (52.5) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Current smoking | 191 (37.6) | 160 (31.9) | 150 (29.6) | 134 (26.5) | <0.001 | 0.16 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 95 (16) | 90 (20) | 87 (23) | 78 (29) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Serum CRP, mg/L | 1.58 (2.50) | 1.80 (3.0) | 1.89 (2.97) | 2.12 (3.44) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Plasma ADMA, μmol/L | 0.53 (0.15) | 0.54 (0.13) | 0.58 (0.16) | 0.59 (0.17) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Plasma 1‐carbon metabolites, μmol/L | ||||||
| Met | 25.6 (7.2) | 27.4 (8.1) | 29.9 (11.3) | 31.4 (12.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| tHcy | 9.27 (3.13) | 10.5 (3.69) | 10.9 (4.27) | 12.4 (5.32) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Cys | 283 (45.2) | 294 (49.2) | 298 (50.1) | 306 (53) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Plasma B‐vitamin status | ||||||
| Folate, nmol/L | 11.9 (9.8) | 9.81 (7.27) | 9.75 (6.51) | 9.89 (7.01) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Cobalamin (B12), pmol/L | 390 (213) | 393 (193) | 391 (210) | 391 (231) | 0.75 | 0.44 |
| PLP, nmol/L | 45.6 (43.6) | 42.3 (32.4) | 41.9 (31.2) | 40.2 (31.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Serum lipids | ||||||
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.28 (0.86) | 1.45 (1.02) | 1.52 (1.18) | 1.60 (1.11) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ApoB, g/L | 0.91 (0. 31) | 0.89 (0.35) | 0.87 (0.30) | 0.86 (0.31) | 0.002 | 0.02 |
| Apo A1, g/L | 1.36 (0. 39) | 1.34 (0.36) | 1.35 (0.36) | 1.28 (0.31) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LDL‐C | 3.1 (1.38) | 3.0 (1.45) | 2.9 (1.40) | 2.8 (1.28) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Previous CVD, n (%) | ||||||
| AMI | 166 (32.6) | 166 (32.6) | 189 (37.1) | 228 (44.8) | <0.001 | 0.02 |
| PAD | 38 (7.5) | 38 (7.5) | 49 (9.6) | 64 (12.6) | 0.002 | 0.17 |
| AF | 35 (6.9) | 42 (8.3) | 48 (9.4) | 60 (11.8) | 0.005 | 0.34 |
| Cerebrovascular diseasec | 26 (5.1) | 35 (6.9) | 33 (6.5) | 54 (10.6) | 0.002 | 0.18 |
| Extent of CAD, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.09 | ||||
| No significant stenosis | 225 (44.2) | 210 (41.3) | 192 (37.7) | 141 (27.7) | ||
| 1‐vessel disease | 102 (20.0) | 83 (16.3) | 97 (19.1) | 94 (18.5) | ||
| 2‐vessel disease | 84 (16.5) | 102 (20.0) | 99 (19.4) | 92 (18.1) | ||
| 3‐vessel disease | 98 (19.3) | 114 (22.4) | 121 (23.8) | 182 (35.8) | ||
| LVEF (%) | 70 (10) | 70 (10) | 66 (10) | 65 (11) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Medications before angiography, n (%) | ||||||
| Aspirin | 393 (77.2) | 405 (79.6) | 395 (77.6) | 386 (75.8) | 0.46 | 0.25 |
| Warfarin | 18 (3.5) | 24 (4.7) | 25 (4.9) | 47 (9.2) | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| Statins | 318 (62.5) | 339 (66.6) | 348 (68.4) | 363 (71.3) | 0.002 | 0.06 |
| β‐blocker | 333 (65.4) | 354 (69.5) | 376 (73.9) | 388 (76.2) | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| ACEIs | 74 (14.5) | 84 (16.5) | 102 (20.0) | 146 (28.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Medications after angiography, n (%) | ||||||
| Aspirin | 362 (71.1) | 382 (75.0) | 381 (74.9) | 398 (78.2) | 0.02 | 0.81 |
| Warfarin | 17 (3.3) | 26 (5.1) | 23 (4.5) | 43 (8.4) | 0.001 | 0.02 |
| Statins | 349 (68.6) | 371 (72.9) | 375 (73.7) | 397 (78.0) | 0.001 | 0.22 |
| β‐blocker | 315 (61.9) | 330 (64.8) | 352 (69.2) | 382 (75.0) | <0.001 | 0.004 |
| ACEIs | 78 (15.3) | 85 (16.7) | 106 (20.8) | 144 (28.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are presented as medians (interquartile range), and categorical variables are reported as counts (%). ACEIs indicates angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; AF, atrial fibrillation; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; apoA1, apolipoprotein A1; apoB, apolipoprotein B; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CRP, C‐reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; Cys, cysteine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; Met, methionine; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PLP, pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate; tHcy, total homocysteine.
Unadjusted.
Adjusted for age and sex.
Composite of stroke, transient ischemic attack, or carotid stenosis.