Table 1.
Study Design and Demographics Table
| Study ID | Design; Country; Year | No. of Participants | Mean Age, y | % Male | Participant Inclusion Criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akersted, 201721 | Prospective cohort study; Sweden; 1997–2010 | 43 868 | 51 | 36 | Participants were aged >18 y in the Swedish National March study. |
| Amagai, 201022 | Prospective cohort study; Japan; April 1992 to July 1995 | 11 367 | 55 | 39 | Participants were adults of varying ages in 12 rural areas of Japan from the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. |
| Aurora, 201623 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1995–2011 | 5784 | 64 | 46 | Participants were aged 40 y and not treated for sleep‐disordered breathing in the Sleep Heart Health Study. |
| Ayas, 200324 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1986–1996 | 71 617 | Unclear | 0 | Participants were US female health professionals aged 45 to 65 y who were enrolled in the Nurses’ Health Study. |
| Bellavia, 201425 | Prospective cohort study; Sweden; 1998–2012 | 70 973 | Unclear | 53 | Participants were Swedish males and aged 45 to 79 y and females aged 39 to 76 y from the population‐based Cohort of Swedish Men and the Swedish Mammography Cohort. |
| Burazeri, 200326 | Prospective cohort study; Israel; 1985 with up to 11 years’ follow‐up | 1842 | Unclear | 46 | Participants were aged >50 y in West Jerusalem in the Kiryat Yovel Community Health Study. |
| Cai, 201527 | Prospective cohort study; China; 1996–2010 | 113 138 | 54 | 41 | Participants were Chinese men and women in Shanghai, China in the Shanghai Women's Health Study and the Shanghai Men's Health Study. |
| Canivet, 201428 | Prospective cohort study; Sweden; 1991–2005 | 13 617 | Unclear | 43 | Participants were all people between the ages of 45 and 65 residing in Malmo, Sweden from the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study 1991. |
| Castro‐Costa, 201129 | Prospective cohort study; Brazil; 1997–2005 | 1512 | Median 69 | 38 | Participants were all residents of Bambui city, Brazil aged ≥60 years on January 1, 1997 and part of the Bambui Cohort Study. |
| Chandola, 201030 | Prospective cohort study; England; 1985–1988 | 10 308 | Unclear | 67 | Participants were adults aged 35 to 55 y from 20 London‐based civil service departments in the Whitehall II Cohort. |
| Chen, 200831 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1994–1998 | 93 175 | Unclear | 0 | Participants were postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 y from all over the United States in the Women's Health Initiative Observational study cohort. |
| Chen, 201332 | Prospective cohort study; Taiwan; 1999–2002 | 4064 | 73.8 | 56 | Participants were residents of the Shih‐Pai area of Taipei, Taiwan who were aged >65 y and part of the Shih‐Pai Sleep Study. |
| Chien, 201033 | Prospective cohort study; Taiwan; 1990–1991 | 3430 | 54.8 | 50 | Participants were adults aged >35 years in the Chin‐Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort study and of Chinese ethnicity living in Chin‐Shan township, Taiwan. |
| Cohen‐Mansfeld, 201234 | Prospective cohort study; Israel; 1989–1992 | 1166 | 83 | 55 | Participants were older Jewish adults aged >75 y in the Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Aging Study. |
| Ensrud, 201235 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 2003–2005 | 2505 | 76 | 100 | Participants were nonfrail males aged ≥65 y, recruited by the prospective Osteoporotic Fractures in Men study. |
| Gangwisch, 200836 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1982–1992 | 9789 | Unclear | 37 | Participants were men and women aged 25 to 74 y in the NHANES I epidemiological follow‐up study. |
| Garde, 201337 | Prospective cohort study; Denmark; 1970–2001 | 5249 | 49 | 100 | Participants were in the Copenhagen Male Study who were all men aged 40 to 59 y at 14 companies were invited. |
| Gianfagna, 201638 | Prospective cohort study; Italy; 1986–2008 | 2277 | 51 | 100 | Participants were men aged 35 to 74 y and CVD free in the MONICA‐Brianza and PAMELA population based cohorts. |
| Goto, 201339 | Prospective cohort study; Japan; 1987–1999 | 724 | Unclear | 65 | Participants were aged ≥65 y in Okinawa Japan. |
| Hale, 201340 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1993–2009 | 3942 | 62 | 0 | Participants were in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study who were postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 y and did not have history of CHD. |
| Hall, 201541 | Prospective cohort study: USA; 1997 start follow‐up of 9 years | 3013 | 73.6 | 48.6 | Participants were adults in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. |
| Hamazaki, 201142 | Prospective cohort study; Japan; 1994–2008 | 2282 | 44 | 100 | Participants were men aged 35 to 54 y at a light metal factory (Japan) who did not have previous cardiovascular events or missing information at baseline survey. |
| Helbig, 201543 | Prospective cohort study; Germany; 1984–2001 | 17 604 | 48 | 50 | Participants were age 25 to 74 y in the Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease/Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg study. |
| Heslop, 200244 | Prospective cohort study; Scotland; 1970–1995 | 3030 | Unclear | 85 | Participants were working Scottish men and women recruited between 1970 and 1973. |
| Hoevenaar‐Blom, 201112 | Prospective cohort study; Netherlands; 1993–2012 | 20 432 | 42 | 45 | Participants were aged 20 to 65 y in the MORGEN study. |
| Huang, 201345 | Prospective cohort study; Taiwan; 1999–2010 | 1901 | Unclear | 51 | Participants were aged ≥65 y in the Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan. |
| Hublin, 200746 | Prospective cohort study; Finland; 1975–2003 | 21 268 | 41 | 48 | Participants were in Finnish Twin Cohort who were all Finnish twin pairs of the same sex born before 1958 with both co‐twins alive in 1975. |
| Ikehara, 200947 | Prospective cohort study; Japan; 1988–2003 | 98 634 | Unclear | 42 | Participants were in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk where were aged 40 to 79 y and living in Japan. |
| Jung, 201348 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1984–2001 | 2001 | 74 | 44 | Participants were in the community‐dwelling adults aged 60 to 96 y in The Rancho Bernardo Study. |
| Kakizaki, 201349 | Prospective cohort study; Japan; 1994–2008 | 49 256 | 60 | 48 | Participants were aged 40 to 79 y in the Ohsaki Cohort Study. |
| Kawachi, 201650 | Prospective cohort study; Japan; 1992–2008 | 27 896 | 54 | 54 | Participants were men and women aged ≥35 y in the Takayama Cohort Study. |
| Kim, 201351 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1993–2007 | 135 685 | Unclear | 46 | Participants were aged 45 to 75 y in the Multiethnic Cohort Study from Hawaii and Los Angeles. |
| Kojima, 200052 | Prospective cohort study; Japan; 1982–1996 | 5322 | 47 | 46 | Participants were aged 20 to 76 y from Shirakawa town, Japan. |
| Kripke, 200253 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1982–1988 | 1 116 936 | 57 | 43 | Participants were aged 30 to 102 y in the Cancer Prevention Study II mainly friends/relatives of American Cancer Society volunteers. |
| Lan, 200754 | Prospective cohort study; Taiwan; 1993–2003 | 3079 | 71 | 55 | Participants were ≥64 y in the Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan. |
| Lee, 201455 | Prospective cohort study; Hong Kong; 2001–2010 | 3427 | 74 | 51 | Participants were men and women in Hong Kong aged ≥65 y. |
| Lee, 201756 | Prospective cohort study; Taiwan; 2006–2010 | 937 | 65 | 55 | Participants were Taiwanese aged ≥53 y in the Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study. |
| Leng, 20159 | Prospective cohort study; United Kingdom; 1998–2009 | 9692 | 62 | 46 | Participants were adults aged 42 to 81 y in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer‐Norfolk cohort. |
| Li, 201357 | Prospective cohort study; Japan; 1983–1990 | 12 489 | Unclear | 38 | Participants were residents aged 20 to 79 y in the Minami Saku area of Japan who were a part of the SAKUCESS project. |
| Liu, 201458 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1971–2007 | 3381 | 45 | 48 | Participants were aged >30 y and were free from CHD in the Framingham Offspring Study. |
| Magee, 201159 | Prospective cohort study; Australia; 2006–2009 | 218 155 | 63 | 47 | Participants were Australian adults aged ≥45 y, residing in the state of New South Wales and part of the 45 and Up study. |
| Magee, 201360 | Prospective cohort study; Australia; 2006–2009 | 227 815 | Unclear | 46.3 | Participants were Australian adults aged ≥45 y, residing in the state of New South Wales and part of the 45 and Up study. |
| Mallon, 200261 | Prospective cohort study; Sweden; 1983–1995 | 1870 | 56 | 48 | Participants were a random adults aged 45 to 65 y in the population register of the County of Dalarna in Sweden. |
| Martin, 201162 | Prospective cohort study; USA; Unclear | 245 | 81 | 62 | Participants were adults aged ≥65 y admitted to postacute rehabilitation sites in the Los Angeles area in the USA. |
| Meisinger, 200763 | Prospective cohort study; Germany; 1984–1995 | 6896 | 58 | 50.9 | Participants were German adults aged 45 to 74 y who were part of the MONICA Augsburg project. |
| Mesas, 201064 | Prospective cohort study; Spain; 2001–2008 | 3820 | 71.8 | 44 | Participants were noninstitutionalized adults aged ≥60 y living in Spain. |
| Pan, 201465 | Prospective cohort study; Singapore; 1993–1998 | 63 257 | 57 | 44 | Participants were Chinese adults in Singapore aged 45 to 74, recruited from Hokkiens and Cantonese dialect groups residing in government housing estates. |
| Patel, 200466 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1986–2000 | 82 969 | 53 | 0 | Participants were women aged 30 to 55 y and residing in 11 US states that were part of the Nurses’ Health Study. |
| Pollak, 199067 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1984–1985 | 1855 | 75 | Unclear | Participants were elderly residents of an urban community aged 65 to 98 y. |
| Qiu, 201168 | Prospective cohort study; China; 2005–2008 | 12 671 | 86 | 57 | Participants were elderly Chinese adults from 22 provinces in China in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. |
| Qureshi, 199769 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1982–1992 | 7844 | Unclear | 36 | Participants were US civilian noninstitutionalized adults aged >31 y and in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow‐up Study (NHEFS). |
| Rhee, 201270 | Prospective cohort study; Korea; 1992–2008 | 14 533 | 51 | 100 | Participants were male subjects aged 40 to 59 y in the Seoul Male Cohort Study. |
| Rod, 201471 | Prospective cohort study; UK; 1985–2010 | 9098 | 45 | 67 | Participants were in the Whitehall II Cohort Study who were London‐based office staff aged 35 to 55 y working in 20 civil service departments in 1985. |
| Ruigomez, 199572 | Prospective cohort study; Spain; 1986–1991 | 1219 | Unclear | 39 | Participants were an elderly population in the 1986 Health Interview Survey of Barcelona. |
| Ruiter Petrov, 201473 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 2003–2010 | 5666 | 61 | 44 | Participants were aged ≥45 y in the Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study. |
| Sands‐Lincoln, 201374 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1993–2009 | 86 329 | 63 | 0 | Participants were in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study who were postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 y and did not have a history of CHD. |
| Shankar, 200875 | Prospective cohort study; Singapore; 1993–2006. | 58 044 | 56 | 44 | Participants were Chinese adults aged 45 to 75 y in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. |
| Song, 201676 | Prospective cohort study; China; 2006–2010 | 95 203 | 51 | 79 | Participants were aged 18 to 98 y in the Kailuan study. |
| Stone, 200977 | Prospective cohort study; USA; Unclear | 6107 | 80 | 50 | Participants were community‐dwelling older adults participating in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures and the Outcomes of Sleep Disorders in Older Men Study. |
| Strand, 201678 | Prospective cohort study; Taiwan; 1998–2011 | 392 164 | 40 | 49 | Participants were Taiwanese adults aged 20 y who were participants in a health check‐up program run by MJ Health Management Institution. |
| Suzuki, 200911 | Prospective cohort study; Japan; 1999–2006 | 12 601 | 74 | 51 | Participants were elderly residents aged 65 to 85 y in the Shizuoka Study. |
| Tamakoshi, 200479 | Prospective cohort study; Japan; 1988–1999 | 104 010 | 58 | 42 | Participants were aged 40 to 79 y in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study on Evaluation of Cancer Risk study. |
| Tsubono, 199380 | Prospective cohort study; Japan; 1988–1992 | 4318 | Unclear | 40 | Participants were aged ≥40 y in Japan who participated in the annual health examination program implemented by the Town Council. |
| Tu, 201281 | Prospective cohort study; China; 1997–2006 | 68 832 | 60 | 0 | Participants were women aged 40 to 70 y in the Shanghai Women's Health Study. |
| Twig, 201682 | Prospective cohort study; Israel; unclear | 23 690 | 30 | 100 | Participants were men aged >25 y in the Israeli Defense Forces who were in the MELANY cohort study. |
| Von Ruesten, 201283 | Prospective cohort study; Germany; 1994–2007 | 23 620 | 49 | 39 | Participants were in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study in Potsdam. |
| Wang, 201684 | Prospective cohort study; China; 2006–2010 | 95 903 | 51 | 80 | Participants were aged 18 to 98 y in the Kailuan study. |
| Werle, 201185 | Prospective cohort study; Brazil; 1994–2009 | 187 | 84 | 36 | Participants were aged >80 y in the city of Veranopolis, Brazil. |
| Westerlund, 20138 | Prospective cohort study; Sweden; 1997–2010 | 41 192 | Unclear | 35 | Participants were aged ≥18 y in the Swedish National March Cohort Study. |
| Wingard, 198386 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1965–1974 | 6928 | Unclear | 47 | Participants were aged 30 to 69 y of age in 1965 in California. |
| Xiao, 201487 | Prospective cohort study; USA; 1995–2011 | 239 896 | 63 | 56 | Participants were aged 51 to 72 y in the NIH AARP Diet and Health Study. |
| Yeo, 201388 | Prospective cohort study; Korea; 1993–2010 | 13 164 | 55 | 41 | Participants were aged ≥20 y in the Korean Multi‐center Cancer Cohort study. |
| Zawisza, 201589 | Prospective cohort study; Poland; 1986–2008 | 2449 | 72 | 35 | Participants were aged ≥65 y from Krakow city centre in Poland. |
| Zuubier, 201590 | Prospective cohort study; Netherlands; 2004–2013 | 1734 | 62 | 47 | Participants were aged ≥45 y in the Rotterdam Study. |
CHD indicates coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; MELANY, Metabolic Lifestyle and Nutrition Assessment in Young Adults; MONICA‐Brianza, Monitoring of Cardiovascular Disease‐Brianza; MORGEN, Monitoring Project on Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases in the Netherlands; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PAMELA, Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni; SAKUCESS, Saku Cancer Etiology Surveillance Study.