Table 2.
Demographics and Intra‐ and Postoperative Characteristics
| RIPC (n=67) | Placebo (n=70) | P Value | RIPC (n=49) | Placebo (n=55) | P Value | RIPC (n=18) | Placebo (n=15) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Males | Females | |||||||
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Age, y | 70±1 | 68±1 | 0.309 | 69±1 | 67±1 | 0.279 | 73±2 | 74±2 | 0.698 |
| Sex, male | 49 (73%) | 55 (79%) | 0.549 | 49 (100%) | 55 (100%) | 1.000 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
| Body weight, kg | 84±2 | 87±2 | 0.326 | 88±2 | 91±2 | 0.322 | 73±3 | 71±3 | 0.638 |
| Risk factors and comorbidities | |||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 27 (40%) | 18 (26%) | 0.101 | 20 (41%) | 12 (22%) | 0.055 | 7 (39%) | 6 (40%) | 1.000 |
| Hypertension | 59 (88%) | 63 (90%) | 0.789 | 42 (86%) | 50 (91%) | 0.541 | 17 (94%) | 13 (87%) | 0.579 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 26 (39%) | 32 (46%) | 0.460 | 19 (39%) | 22 (40%) | 1.000 | 7 (39%) | 10 (67%) | 0.166 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 11 (16%) | 10 (14%) | 0.814 | 8 (16%) | 5 (9%) | 0.374 | 3 (17%) | 5 (33%) | 0.418 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 8 (12%) | 11 (16%) | 0.624 | 6 (12%) | 8 (15%) | 0.780 | 2 (11%) | 3 (20%) | 0.639 |
| Renal disease, creatinine >200 μmol/L | 7 (10%) | 4 (6%) | 0.359 | 5 (10%) | 3 (5%) | 0.470 | 2 (11%) | 1 (7%) | 1.000 |
| Cardiac status | |||||||||
| Angina CCS III to IV | 9 (13%) | 10 (14%) | 1.000 | 4 (8%) | 6 (11%) | 1.000 | 5 (28%) | 4 (27%) | 1.000 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 16 (24%) | 11 (16%) | 0.285 | 13 (27%) | 11 (20%) | 0.285 | 3 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0.233 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, % | 52±1 | 53±1 | 0.673 | 51±1 | 52±1 | 0.398 | 56±2 | 54±2 | 0.606 |
| Medication | |||||||||
| Aspirin | 61 (91%) | 63 (90%) | 1.000 | 47 (96%) | 50 (91%) | 0.442 | 14 (96%) | 13 (87%) | 0.664 |
| Clopidogrel | 5 (7%) | 6 (9%) | 1.000 | 4 (8%) | 5 (9%) | 1.000 | 1 (6%) | 1 (7%) | 1.000 |
| β‐blockers | 57 (85%) | 56 (80%) | 0.503 | 43 (88%) | 42 (76%) | 0.203 | 14 (78%) | 14 (93%) | 0.345 |
| Statins | 45 (67%) | 47 (67%) | 1.000 | 33 (67%) | 39 (71%) | 0.832 | 12 (67%) | 8 (53%) | 0.492 |
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs | 45 (67%) | 45 (64%) | 0.665 | 36 (73%) | 37 (67%) | 0.526 | 9 (50%) | 8 (53%) | 1.000 |
| Risk scores | |||||||||
| Additive EuroSCORE | 5±1 | 4±0 | 0.349 | 5±1 | 4±1 | 0.418 | 5±1 | 5±1 | 0.874 |
| Logistic EuroSCORE, % | 6±1 | 5±1 | 0.656 | 7±1 | 5±1 | 0.515 | 5±1 | 6±2 | 0.547 |
| EuroSCORE II, % | 3±0 | 2±0 | 0.169 | 3±1 | 2±0 | 0.172 | 3±1 | 4±1 | 0.311 |
| Intraoperative characteristics | |||||||||
| Time from end of RIPC/placebo to ischemic cardioplegic arrest, min | 74±14 | 73±10 | 0.930 | 79±14 | 76±12 | 0.862 | 67±21 | 68±13 | 0.973 |
| Time from end of RIPC/placebo to reperfusion, min | 146±12 | 135±7 | 0.436 | 151±14 | 135±8 | 0.328 | 119±5 | 140±13 | 0.238 |
| Aortic cross‐clamp duration, min | 62±3 | 57±3 | 0.425 | 63±4 | 56±3 | 0.213 | 61±7 | 59±6 | 0.899 |
| Cardioplegia, mL | 1569±46 | 1500±28 | 0.195 | 1609±58 | 1497±33 | 0.085 | 1453±58 | 1511±54 | 0.478 |
| Reperfusion time, min | 29±2 | 28±1 | 0.806 | 29±2 | 28±1 | 0.587 | 28±3 | 30±3 | 0.654 |
| Number of bypass grafts | 3±0 | 3±0 | 0.587 | 3±0 | 3±0 | 0.317 | 3±0 | 3±0 | 0.512 |
| Transit time graft flow, mL/min | 73±8 | 81±8 | 0.464 | 81±8 | 80±9 | 0.750 | 58±15 | 64±10 | 0.587 |
| Postoperative characteristics | |||||||||
| ICU/IMC stay, days | 3±1 | 2±0 | 0.069 | 3±1 | 2±0 | 0.150 | 3±1 | 2±0 | 0.220 |
| Hospital stay, days | 9±1 | 10±1 | 0.667 | 9±1 | 9±1 | 0.959 | 9±1 | 11±0 | 0.438 |
| In‐hospital mortality | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1.000 | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 1.000 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 |
Data are mean±SEM or number (%). Demographics and intra‐ and postoperative characteristics were compared using unpaired Student t test (continuous data) and 2‐tailed Fisher's exact test (categorical data). Reperfusion time: time from release of aortic cross‐clamp to end of cardiopulmonary bypass. ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARBs, angiotensin‐II receptor blockers; CCS, Canadian Cardiovascular Society score; EuroSCORE, European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation; ICU, intensive care unit; IMC, intermediate care unit; RIPC, remote ischemic preconditioning.