Table 1.
The structure, cells, category, source, and mechanism of typical flavonoid compounds on inhibiting VSMCs proliferation and migration.
| Compound name | Structure | Cells and animals | Category | Sources | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (2S)-naringenin |
|
rASMCs | Flavonoid | Typha angustata | G0/G1 ↓; cyclins D1 ↓; cyclins E ↓; CDK2/4 ↓; PCNA ↓; pho of rb protein ↓ |
| Catechins |
|
rASMCs and rat balloon injury | Flavonoid (Flavanols) | Green tea | TIMP-2 ↑, in vivo: TIMP-2 ↑ |
| Icariin |
|
hASMCs | Flavonoid (Prenylated flavonol glycoside) | Epimedium brevicornum | pERK1/2 ↓; G1/S ↓; PCNA ↓ |
| Morelloflavone |
|
mVSMCs and mouse artery injury | Biflavonoid | Garcinia dulcis | FAK ↓; Src ↓; ERK ↓; RhoA ↓ |
| Puerarin |
|
rASMCs and rat balloon injury | Isoflavone | Radix puerariae | ROS ↓; Nox ↓; PKC;PKCβ2 ↓; Rac1 ↓; p47phox ↓; p67phox ↓ |
| Kaempferol |
|
hpASMCs | Flavonoid | Widely (grapefruit, Ginkgo biloba) | miR-21 ↑; ROCK4/5/7 ↓ |
| Nobiletin |
|
rASMCs and rat balloon injury | Flavonoid | Widely (citrus fruits) | ROS ↓; pERK1/2 ↓; NF-κB p65 ↓, in vivo: TNF-α ↓; IL-6 ↓ |
| Alpinetin |
|
rASMCs | Flavonoid | Widely (Alpinia katsumadai, Amomum subulatum, and etc.) | LDH ↓; NO ↓ |
| Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside |
|
mASMCs | Flavonoid | Hibiscus sabdariffa | ROS ↓;NoxA1 ↓; pSTAT3 ↓ |
| Hesperetin |
|
rpASMCs | Flavonoid | Widely (lemons and sweet oranges) | Block G1/S; cyclin D1 ↓; cyclin E ↓; CDK2/4 ↓; p38 ↓; p27 ↑; regulate AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway |
| Pinocembrin |
|
rAMSCs and rat aortic rings injury | Flavonoid | Propolis | ERK1/2 ↓; MLC2 ↓; AT1R ↓ |
| Glyceollins |
|
hASMCs | Isoflavone | Soybean | Arrest G1/S phase; CDK2 ↓; cyclin D1 ↓; p27kip1 ↑; p53 ↑; ROS ↓; pPDGFr-β ↓; phospholipase Cγ1↓; Akt ↓; ERK1/2 ↓ |