Table 3.
The structure, cells, category, source, and mechanism of terpenes on inhibiting VSMCs abnormal proliferation, migration, and functions.
| Compound name | Structure | Cells and animals | Category | Sources | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Betulinic Acid |
|
VSMCs | Terpene | Various plant sources widespread throughout the tropics | Inducing G1 Arrest and Apoptosis |
| Parthenolide |
|
rVSMCs | Sesquiterpene lactone | Tanacetum parthenium | G0/G1 cell cycle arrest; p21 ↑; p27 ↑; IκBα ↑;Cox-2 ↓ |
| Plumericin |
|
rAVSMCs | Iridoid (Terpene) | Himatanthus sucuuba | Block STAT3 signaling; arrest VSMCs in the G1/G0-phase; cyclin D1 ↓; pRb ↓ |
| Paclitaxel |
|
Rat balloon injury; hCASMCs (CC-2583) and VSMCs (CC-2571); rTASMCs and VECs | Diterpenoid | Taxus cuspidata | (1) prevent neointimal formation via oral administration, (2) arrest G1/S phase; p21 ↑; p53 ↑ |
| Epothilone D |
|
rTASMCs; carotid artery injury | Diterpenoid | Sorangium cellulosum | CDK2 ↓; pRb ↓ |
| β-elemene |
|
hUVECs and VSMCs (A7r5); rat balloon injury | Terpene | Curcuma wenyujin | Antioxidant; Casp 3/7/9 ↑; Migration ↓ |
| Artemisinin |
|
rVSMCs and rat balloon injury; rTASMCs | Sesquiterpene lactone | Artemisia annua | (1) arrest G0/G1 phase; cyclin D1/E ↓; CDK2/4 ↓; caspase 3/9 ↑; Bax ↑; Bcl-2 ↓, (2) PCNA ↓; caspase 3↑; Bax ↑; Bax/Bcl-2 ratio ↑ |
| (S)-(-)-Perillic acid |
|
rASMCs | Monoterpene | Widely | Protein prenylation ↓ |