Skip to main content
. 2018 Oct 11;2018:3549312. doi: 10.1155/2018/3549312

Table 5.

The structure, cells, category, source, and mechanism of promising compounds on suppressing VSMCs.

Compound name Structure Cells and animals Category Sources Mechanism
Bilirubin graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i001.jpg rVSMCs and mVSMCs; rat balloon injury Ferric porphyrins Heme Inhibit MAPK signaling pathway; CDK2 ↓; Cyclin A/D1/E ↓; pRb ↓; YY1 ↓; p38 ↓
capsaicin graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i002.jpg rASMCs Capsaicinoids Chili peppers Inhibit DNA synthesis
Emodin graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i003.jpg hUVSMCs; rTASMCs; hASMCs; rat balloon injury Anthraquinone Rheum officinale (1) Arrest cell cycle, induce apoptosis and autophagy; ROS ↑; p53 ↑, (2) PCNA ↓; c-myc ↓, (3) CRP ↓;ROS ↓; pERK1/2 ↓; p38 ↓; PPARγ ↑, (4) Induce apoptosis; Bcl-2 ↓; Bax ↑, (5) MMP2/9 ↓; NF-κB activation ↓
Rhein graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i004.jpg hASMCs Anthraquinone Rheum palmatum Col I/III ↓; Wnt4/Dvl-1/β-catenin ↓; miR-126 ↑
Ajoene graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i005.jpg rASMCs Organosulphur compound Allium sativum Inhibit protein prenylation and cholesterol biosynthesis
Gastrodin graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i006.jpg rASMCs, mice artery injury Glucoside Gastrodia elata B1 Block S-phase; stabilised p27Kip1; PCNA ↓; pERK1/2 ↓; pp38 ↓; pAkt ↓; pGSK3β ↓
Genipin graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i007.jpg rTASMCs Aglycon Gardenia jasminoides HO-1 ↑; pERK/MAPK ↓; pAkt ↓; ROS ↓
Ginsenoside Rg1 graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i008.jpg hASMCs; rat balloon injury Steroid glycosides Panax ginseng (1) PCNA ↓; pERK2 ↓; c-fos ↓; MKP-1 ↑; (2) Arrest G1/S phase; GRKs ↓; PKC ↓; N-ras ↓; p21 ↑, (3) Cyclin D1 ↓; p53 ↑; p21WAF/CIP1 ↑; p27KIP1 ↑; inactivate PKB and ERK1/2
Ostruthin graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i009.jpg rTASMCs Coumarins Peucedanum ostruthium Inhibit DNA synthesis
Lycopene graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i010.jpg Rabbit artery injury Carotenoid Widely (tomatoes, red carrots,) TG ↓; TC ↓; LDL-C ↓; HDL-C ↑; SOD ↑; T-AOC ↑; MDA ↓; PCNA ↓; pERK1/2 ↓; Nox1 ↓; p22phox ↓; HMG-CoA ↓; ABCA1 ↑
Methyl Protodioscin graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i011.jpg A7r5 VSMCs; rat balloon injury Steroidal saponin Dioscorea collettii Arrest G1/S phase; ADAM15 ↓; MMP2/9 ↓; FAK ↓; ERK ↓; PI3K ↓; Akt ↓
Tanshinone IIA graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i012.jpg rASMCs; rat balloon injury Phenolic acids Salvia miltiorrhiza Block cell cycle in G0/G1 phase; pERK1/2 ↓; c-fos ↓
Sulforaphane graphic file with name ECAM2018-3549312.tab5.i013.jpg rASMCs; rat balloon injury Organosulfur compounds Widely (cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cabbages) p21 ↑; p53 ↑; CDK2 ↓; Cyclin E ↓; PCNA ↓