Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of pregnant women in different GDM subgroups
| GDM-resistance | P value | GDM-dysfunction | P value | GDM-mix | P value | GDM-normal | P value | All GDM | P value | NGT | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants (n) | 35 (17.0% of GDM) | 43 (20.9% of GDM) | 79 (38.3% of GDM) | 49 (23.8% of GDM) | 206 | 250 | |||||
| Age (years) | 31.0 (7.5) | > 0.999 | 31.0 (6.0) | 0.021 | 32.0 (6.0) | < 0.001 | 31.0 (4.0) | 0.824 | 32.0 (5.0) | < 0.001 | 29.0 (5.0) |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 21.5 (3.2) | 0.231 | 21.6 (3.2) | 0.405 | 23.2 (4.0) | < 0.001 | 20.7 (3.3) | > 0.999 | 22.0 (3.7) | < 0.001 | 20.8 (3.7) |
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 (4.0) | 0.071 | 22.2 (2.9) | 0.45 | 24.5 (4.3) | < 0.001 | 21.3 (3.3) | > 0.999 | 23.2 (3.7) | < 0.001 | 21.8 (3.4) |
| Gestational age at weight measuring (weeks) | 13.3 (3.5) | – | 13.7 (3.3) | – | 13.9 (2.9) | – | 13.9 (2.4) | – | 13.7 (2.8) | 0.073 | 14.0 (3.6) |
| Maternal BMI change (kg/m2) | 0.8 (0.9) | – | 1.1 (1.1) | – | 0.8 (1.3) | – | 0.8 (0.8) | – | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.969 | 0.8 (1.1) |
| ALT (U/L) | 13 (7.5) | – | 14.5 (13.0) | – | 13 (10.0) | – | 12 (8.5) | – | 13 (10.8) | 0.753 | 13 (11.0) |
| History of hypertension (n) | 0 | – | 0 | – | 4 (5.1) | – | 2 (4.1) | – | 6 (2.9) | 0.007 | 0 |
| Smoking before or during pregnancy (n) | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 |
| Nulliparous (n) | 25 (71.4) | – | 27 (62.8) | – | 53 (67.1) | – | 32 (65.3) | – | 137 (66.5) | 0.173 | 181 (72.4) |
Data are median (IQR) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables
Differences between GDM subgroups and women with NGT were evaluated with the Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and χ2 or Fisher exact test for categorical variables
When the P value was significant (< 0.05), Dunn’s multiple comparisons test or χ2 or Fisher exact test was performed to evaluate the difference between each GDM subtype and NGT group. P values for pairwise comparisons were adjusted by Bonferroni correction